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Title: | 漢唐之間醫方中的房事疾病與性別 Gender and Coital Disorders in Medical Texts of Early Imperial China |
Authors: | Yun-Ju Chen 陳韻如 |
Advisor: | 李貞德 |
Keyword: | 性,房中,醫學,身體,養生,生育, sex,sexuality,the arts of the bedchamber,body,nourishing life,gestation, |
Publication Year : | 2009 |
Degree: | 碩士 |
Abstract: | 本文從房事行為失當造成的疾病入手,分析醫學如何詮釋與處理房事造成的負面損傷,進而探討房事對於兩性身體的不同意義。
漢唐之間醫方中房事疾病的發展軌跡,主要是從兩漢時方技各支的記載差異過渡至六朝隋唐時期普遍的性別差異。漢時醫經和經方這兩支方技在談論房事疾病時,並未特指某一性別的患者,疾病的病程和症狀也常缺乏可茲辨認的性別特徵。只有房中一系的方技發展出以男性陰精漏洩為致病根源,並以保固和補養男性陰精作為治病手段和養生方法的醫學理論。房中方技這種把精與男性健康緊密連結的作法,並未普及至醫經與經方之中。 六朝隋唐時期,醫方依照所類屬的方技支系不同,而對房事疾病記載有別的狀況依然存在,但此時方技支系之別對房事疾病記載差異的影響比重已大幅降低。在六朝隋唐時期的醫方論述中,房事行為失當、損傷身體的成因主要承襲自漢代,然而兩性罹患的房事疾病於致病情境、病理機制、症狀表現、以及牽涉的身體津液(男精、女血)皆出現分化。此時兩性的身體差異已取代方技支系的差異,成為分化房事疾病的根本因素。 六朝隋唐時期房事疾病的性別分化,反映了房事之於兩性身體的意義有別。男性可藉由養生房中術或壯陽藥方,一併達成除病、求子、不老、長壽這四樣目的。女性房事疾病的問題與治療則多停留在生育層次。雖然也有醫方認為女性可藉由採陽補陰的房中術進行養生,並且此術無論就操作方法、精的流失危害、與養精成果而言,精之於女性養生身體的意義皆與男性十分相似。但滲入醫方中的儒家性別規範卻侷限了某些養生方法,特別是採陽補陰之術的流傳可能。因此雖然六朝隋唐時期醫學中存在著兩類的女性身體:以精為主的養生身體和以血為主的生育身體,不過在性別規範對醫學知識的影響下,醫學仍以後者的女性身體為主流。 This study analyzes how in Early Imperial China male authors of medical recipes interpreted and treated the coital disorders caused by improper coital behavior, thereby showing different meanings of coital behavior of males and of females. The primary difference between the coital disorders recorded in Han medical texts and in Medieval ones is that the former are divided into three branches of “recipes and techniques” (Fangji 方技) in Han, while the latter were divided into two parts corresponding to male and female bodies. In Han, the coital disorders recorded in medical canon 醫經 and empirical recipes 經方, two branches of recipes and techniques, lacked symptoms with gender characters, thus, not specifying patients’ gender. Only the bedchamber 房中, another branch, recorded particular male coital disorders and constructed the relevant theory of nourishing life, which emphasized prevention of losing the male essence 精 and manipulation of preserving and refining the male essence. However, in Medieval China, this difference of branches is not the most important factor in differentiating the coital disorders anymore. In addition, although the reason why coital behavior harms bodies is inherited from the Han medicine, the male coital disorders are gradually divergent from female ones in considerable aspects, including pathogenic situations, pathological mechanisms, symptoms, and relevant sexual fluids — male essence and female blood. The gendering of the coital disorders in medieval China reflects that meanings of males’ coital behavior are different from those of females’ : men could use sexual arts of the bedchamber or medical recipes in order to replenish male essence to achieve multiple goals of body managements, ranging from curing disorders, getting male children, becoming young again, achieving longevity. On the contrary, the female coital disorders and their treatments are mainly associated with the issue of gestation. Besides the above difference, according to certain records of medical recipes, women could nourish their bodies by refining their own essence or by absorbing male essence through sexual arts, which may deplete male essence and damage male bodies. In this case, the role which female essence played in female bodies is just like that of male essence in male bodies—women can also accomplish multiple goals of body management by manipulating essence. However, the Confucian gender regulations permeating medical recipes confines circulation of such sexual arts because of their damage to male sexual partners. In conclusion, even though there are two kinds of female bodies in Medieval Chinese medicine: one being the body of nourishing life with essence as its essential bodily, and the other being that of gestation with blood as its fluid, the latter is the main female bodies in medicine. Keywords: sex, sexuality, the arts of the bedchamber, body, nourishing life, gestation |
URI: | http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/42699 |
Fulltext Rights: | 有償授權 |
Appears in Collections: | 歷史學系 |
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