台灣山區遺址研究─ 以桃園縣復興鄉大漢溪上游河谷地區為例

Abstract

摘 要 本論文為區域考古學(regional archaeology)的研究，研究的區域為桃園縣復興鄉大漢溪流域上游河谷，該地區為台灣考古學研究上所定義的「山區」(山地)。研究的方法和目的：首先以復興鄉大漢溪上游地區的河谷為田野調查的空間範疇，透過地表調查和考古發掘的方式獲得區域內的考古學資料，進行文化內涵的分析。其次，透過考古資料的分析史前人類和社會環境及自然環境的關係。最後進行區域性的比較研究，分析研究地區內考古遺留的特殊性和其意義。 研究指出桃園縣復興鄉大漢溪上游河谷地區的山區範圍，史前文化以鐵器時代的高義遺址為代表。此一遺址的遺物特徵為：陶容器紋飾多樣而器型單純〈侈口鼓腹圜底的罐形器〉、石器以兩縊型的石網墜、磨製的石紡輪、磨製石錛、凹石和砥石為代表。另外研究區域內還可見到常見於台灣山區遺址地表的打製斧鋤形器。其次，筆者藉由石器的石材、技術和功能分析以及陶器的技術風格(technological style)分析概念，探討研究區內鐵器時代史前人群(高義遺址)和自然環境與社會環境的關係。高義遺址史前人類的人地關係反映的現象為：即使生活在看似較為封閉孤立山區的史前人類，其陶石器物質文化特徵顯示高義遺址史前人類對當時〈鐵器時代〉自然環境和社會環境的多樣適應。最後，透過陶器技術風格的比較研究。筆者指出在研究區域內高義遺址的陶石器和苗栗山區的砂埔鹿Ⅰ遺址在陶石器的風格上性質相近，而和十三行、番仔園等遺址有較大的差異性。這種地區性的差異和技術上的變異若是考量人群對於器物選擇的自主性和族群功能，則此種差異性背後隱含的社會意義可能反映了人群的差異。

Abstract This thesis is an application of methods of regional archaeology in understanding the prehistory of the Upper Da-Han River Valley area in Northern Taiwan. This area is defined as “mountain area” in Taiwanese anthropological and archaeological literature and the term has its specific meaning in Taiwanese prehistory. Numerous researches have suggested that human behaviors can be well detected by analyzing characteristics of artifacts from their associated archaeological sites. The goal of this thesis is to gain a better understanding of the how prehistoric inhabitants of the Upper Da-Han River Valley interacted both with other groups of people and with the natural environment. Artifacts analyzed in this study were acquired from surface survey and excavations in the study area. Analyses of stone tools and pottery focus on the concepts of “technological choice” and “technological style” in attempt to reveal their raw materials, function, technology and style. While identifying basic features of the artifacts is an important goal in this study, the potential significance of the study site conveyed by its remaining artifacts is of the most interests. The concept of technological style is therefore applied on comparing artifacts of the study area with those excavated from other Iron Age sites in Northern and Central Taiwan. Results of artifact analyses suggest that artifact styles and technology of the Upper Da-Han River Valley area are best represented by the Gao-yi site. Various types of stone tools are found in this site, including net sinkers, spindle whorls, adzes and grinding stones. The pottery assemblages, mostly jars, are identical in forms while diverse in decorating patterns. In addition, the commonly seen tools in the “Mountain area”, such as stone hoes and axes, are also found in the study area. The technological style analysis suggests that although prehistoric Gao-yi people lived in the mountain area, they did not live in isolated lifeways. The styles of their pottery and stone tools show that they may have well adapted their natural environment and may have had maintained interaction networks with other populations who living in northern Taiwan. Finally, compared with other sites (such as Shisanhang and Pantsaiyuen), distinctive pottery style from the Gao-yi Site indicates that the prehistoric Gao-yi people probably lived as an individual social entity or a social group.