台灣老人住宅的過去、現在與未來發展

Abstract

近十年來，國人對於老人住宅的概念開始興起，老人住宅逐漸洗脫過去安養機構的負面形象，除了訴求老人可以在住宅內得到優質、安心的生活環境外，另一方面「住宅」兩字也意味著入住者可以將它當成自己的家看待，而不是暫居、被迫遷移或傳統集中管理的機構概念。 本文以深度報導的方式，呈現出台灣老人住宅的現象面與問題面。第一章回顧台灣在台灣老人住宅的發展歷史，隨著時代的變遷，安養機構中越來越多是有子女、或有經濟能力的老人，這些老人對於居住上要求，使得傳統安養機構不足以應付，新式的老人住宅應運而生。第二章他山之石，搜集整理美國和日本兩國關於老人住宅的資料，美國的老人住宅市場發展蓬勃，是資本主義國家的典型代表，它的發展經驗可供剛起步的台灣老人住宅市場作一借鏡；日本社會對家庭的觀念與台灣相近，配合它完善的社會福利制度，發展出多元的，貧、富老人兼顧的老人住宅型態，是值得台灣學習的目標。 第三章及第四章分別探討台灣老人住宅的需求與供給。需求方面，透過政府歷年的調查資料、研究書面資料和一般民眾的訪談和問卷調查，綜合出民眾對老人住宅的需求時機和實際需求；研究者也實地走訪位於台北的三種老人住宅：公辦民營老人安養機構、老人公寓以及私人老人住宅，訪談裡面的居民和社工人員，報導老人住宅的供給情況。 第五章有關政府促進民間供給老人住宅的政策發展，政府以發展照顧服務產業這樣錯誤的動機推動老人住宅，最後沒有收到應有成效。第六章關於老人住宅的選擇與結論，這章提供民眾較為實用的資訊，由於台灣的老人住宅市場並未成形，相關法令規章不甚完備，所以在老人住宅的選擇上更要多加留意。 結論則回歸到探討什麼才是台灣老人的基本需要？由於目前老人住宅所提供的內容與一般老人需求中間，還存有一段差距，而期待台灣未來將出現更切合一般老人需要的居住環境，這種的概念進而推廣到所有老人的居住環境都應是名符其實的老人住宅。

The concept about “senior housing” has been rising in recent 10 years Taiwan. As the result that the institutes for elderly people are gradually getting rid of the negative impression, senior housing has provided a high quality and carefree living environment. Moreover, the word “housing” means the elderly could take it as their “homes” neither temporary nor unwilling living places. The thesis represents the phenomenon and problems of Taiwan senior housing in feature. The first chapter reviews the history of institutes for the elderly from 1970’s to 1990’s Taiwan. In the past, the people lived in the institutes are mostly single or poor however there are more and more senior citizens with children and money moving in nowadays. Traditional sanatoriums can’t satisfy what they ask for then the new style- senior housing is appearing. Chapter 2 searches data and shows the outline of the senior housing in America and Japan. The market of senior housing in America has developed well which is a typical case of capitalism counties, and this experiment could inspire the emerging senior housing market in Taiwan. Japan, whose family culture is similar with Taiwan, has developed multiple senior hosing policies which are considered of both poor and wealth senior citizens. Those policies are worthy us to learn. Chapter 3 and 4 separately talked about the demand and supply dimensions of senior housing in Taiwan. Through government statistics, academic researches and interviews to analyze the opportunity of senior housing and how much the real demand is. And the researcher had interviewed residents and social workers at three kinds of senior houses which are government owned and operating, government owned and operated by private and private owned and operated in Taipei. Chapter 5 is about the policy of government that promotes companies to invest in senior hosing market. Because of the wrong direction of the policy, it did not receive good responses from the non-government circle. Chapter 6 suggests people how to choose a suitable senior housing. In that the related management and supervision by government are not complete, people should be more careful when they make decision. Finally, the conclusion is back to one question -what is the basic need for the elderly in Taiwan? Actually there is a gap between what the senior housing providing and what our senior citizens want. We expect there will be senior housing which fit faithfully the need of the elderly and additionally hope such a trend could the same influence every house where senior citizens live.