從「親密關係」概念重建公共領域的溝通品質：以「移民說」為例

Abstract

過去關於公共領域及溝通理性的研究，多強調理性態度、真實內容等公共溝通的外在特質，卻仍無法解釋「為何溝通無法達成有效說服?」，此正是本研究之主要問題意識。本研究從Habermas的相互主體性、Taylor的相互指涉、Arendt的想像力及Vico的共通感受等概念中，試圖建構「親密關係」的理論架構，探討說話者如何使公共說服更為可能。 本研究採用「新亞里斯多德批評」的語藝觀點，從「外在語藝策略」及「內在論辯結構」兩面向，檢驗「移民說」之三項語藝策略。本研究發現，「移民說」一案之語藝策略，包括：「因果邏輯�公共論述策略」、「否認�受害者策略」及「延伸�超越策略」。此案呈現之溝通品質是「理性卻不合理」，不但未完全符合溝通理性的四項要求，更由於缺乏想像力、共通感受等親密關係的特質，以致無法與聆聽者達成共識，甚至引發更激烈的衝突及抗議行動。 本研究認為，若說話者欲喚起聆聽者的情感及認同，則僅有「理性」的論述內容是不足以發揮說服效果。說話者必須展現想像力、共通感受等溝通特質，才能降低說話者本身主觀判斷的偏狹性，進而說服聆聽者採取行動。

In the past, researches often make great emphasis on external characteristics of public sphere, such as rational attitudes and truthful contents. However, these can not explain “why doesn’t communication produce persuasion?” This question is the main problematic in this research paper. With analysis of how to make public persuasion work better, this research is meant to construct a “theory of intimacy,” which is based on intersubjectivity by J. Habermas, inter-referring by C. Taylor, imagination by H. Arendt, and sensus communis by G. Vico. Based on rhetoric theory of neo-Aristotelian criticism, this study contains analysis of “theory of emigration” with external rhetoric strategy and internal argumentative structure. The rhetoric strategy of “theory of emigration” is a logic/public, denial/victim, and bolstering/transcendence. The communication quality in this issue was rational but not reasonable. First, it does not include the communicative rationality. Second, it contradicts common consensus of listeners because of the lack of imagination and sensus communis. Naturally, instead of making persuasion, it aroused serious conflicts and protests. The conclusion is: if a speaker would like to search for the audience’s feelings and recognition with speech, rationality is not enough. To induce the subjective impartiality and to make the audience take actions, the speaker must develop effective communication skills, such as using imagination and sensus communis.