關係與道德臉面： 關係與道德臉面：關係他人失德事件對個人面子感受的影響

Abstract

當父親、師長等重要關係他人違反道德規範時，個人也會感到丟臉，這種情形本研究稱之為面子的共享。過去相關研究認為：面子共享的程度會隨著雙方關係的遠近而有所不同。本研究主要目的在探討：在特定類型的負向道德事件中，個人是否只會和特定關係的人共享面子，以及當個人因重要關係他人的行為而感到丟臉時，個人會採取何種策略，以維護自身的面子。本研究分成兩部分，研究一藉由「師生關係」和「父子關係」的對比，來探討關係他人違反「家庭倫理」的道德事件對面子共享的影響。研究二藉由「師生關係」和「同儕關係」的對比，來了解家庭外關係的面子共享。研究結果發現：在關係他人違反「家庭倫理」的情境中，個人只會和家庭內的成員共享臉面，對於家庭外的成員則不會有面子共享的情形。在面子的維護方面，當父親違反「消極義務」時，個人願意去為其辯護，但父親違反「家庭倫理」時，個人則不願意為其辯護。此外，在家庭外關係也發現：學術情境中，個人較會和老師共享臉面。總之，對華人而言，面子共享與面子維護不只是受到關係的影響，也會受到道德情境的影響。換言之，儒家文化的道德觀影響著我們怎麼去知覺關係中的人們，也影響我們如何去維護自我的心理社會均衡。

When a significant other, such as father, teacher …etc., violates moral rule, an individual may also lose face. This phenomenon is treated as “face-sharing” in this research. A review of literature on Chinese concept of face shows that the extent of face-sharing may vary with the intimacy of relationship between the dyad of interaction. This research was aimed to study whether am individual only shares face with a person of a specific relationship in the particular type of negative moral incidents, and what tactics she/he might use to maintain her/his own face in order to restore the feeling of losing face for related other’s behavior. This research was divided into two parts. By a comparison between “teacher-student” and “father-son” relationships, study I inquires the influence of related other’s violating “family ethics” on one's feeling of face-sharing. By comparing the relationships of “teacher-student” and classmates, study II studied the effect of related other’s violating morality on face-sharing outside the family. The results showed that: In the negative moral incident of violating “family ethics”, an individual only shares face with members in the family, then will not share face with others outside the family. In summary, for Chinese people, face-sharing and face-maintaining are influenced not only by the native of dyad relationship, but also by the substantive contents of moral incidents. The moral views of Confucianism may influence Chinese how to perceive persons in relation and how to maintain one's own psychosocial homeostasis.