從地方家族的發展解讀東港地域空間之紋理─以黃家與莊家為例

Abstract

聚落空間的形成與變遷，不全然受政治、經濟或都市計畫等作用力的操控與改變，長久生活於聚落土地上的居民才是真正掌握其改變的主要動力。家族，是早期台灣聚落中很重要的一個生產的單元，亦是人群集結的基本單位，「東港」同樣存在著此由家族開始，進行土地生計墾拓、人際網絡建立的情形。屏東縣東港鎮的市街地區自有人群聚居開始大約百年時間，隨著港口機能的改變以及市街功能的調整，不僅影響市鎮結構改變的方向，同時更直接影響鎮內居民的生計活動。本文試圖以東港二個不同的家族，透過家族發展的角度瞭解在特定範圍下聚落空間的演變過程，期望將具有地方性觀點的生活空間記錄，回應到聚落空間變遷的論述之中。 在研究對象的選擇中，採取以經商起家的「黃家」與從事捕魚為業的「莊家」，做為觀察地域空間的切入點。回顧家族歷史發展過程中可以發現，家族成員隨著地方社會的經濟、政治條件改變而改變其生計方式與活動形式，家族成員彼此互動的關係，亦同時影響其共同生活的家族空間。面臨環境時代變遷，家族除了因應外在社會條件的改變，同時因為家族內部成員間支派的消漲，都促使家族自身調整其在地方的生存方式，其反映則呈現在家族主要的活動空間變遷之中；此外，透過不同年齡層的家族成員所繪製的東港認知地圖，更幫助此研究從在地人手繪的圖象資料中，解讀東港在不同時期的地域面貌，並瞭解其對於不同家族成員的意義為何。研究中亦發現，一個社會活動力愈強的家族，對於其生活空間的掌控能力愈大，形成具特色之地域空間的企圖便愈為強烈。

The formation and transition of a town is not completely dominated by the forces of politics, economics or urban planning. People who permanently live on the land are the real shaper. A family is an important procreation unit in the early towns in Taiwan, and it is also the basic organization of a settlement. The same is true in Dong Gang. The downtown in Dong Gang has last for a hundred years. The regulation of its port and downtown functions effects not only the city structure but also the livelihood of inhabitants in the whole town. This essay discusses the transition process of the restricted town spaces from the angle of the family expansion. It attempts to put a recording of living spaces form a local point of view into the discussion of town spaces. Two families, the Huang Family engaged in commerce and the Zhuang Family engaged in fishery, were chosen as keys to the discussion. By retracing the development of these two families, we can find that families adjust themselves to not only the external social conditions but also internal competition and cooperation. Such adjustment would be reflected on the regulation of the family spaces. What decisions many members in each family make in response to the social conditions, these decisions also form new social conditions to influence the family and corresponding spaces. In addition to the historical research, cognitive mapping is used to understand what are in the inhabitants’minds. The different sketch maps show how people in different age groups or in different sex groups perceive space in Dong Gang. The conclusion is that the more active a family is, the stronger its control over its living space. As a consequence, the social impetus to form a special and more meaningful local place becomes stronger.