論美國國防轉型之研究

Abstract

1997年12月由美國兩黨共組的「國防小組」（National Defense Panel）公布一份名為《國防轉型：論21世紀國家安全》 （Transforming Defense：National Security in 21st Century）的報告，開啟了美國「國防轉型」（Defense Transformation）邁向21世紀軍事轉型的歷史新頁。 美國的國防轉型，在柯林頓政府時期是以冷戰時期蘇聯為最主要假想敵的「威脅為導向」（Threat-Base）的軍事轉型規劃；至布希政府時期已調整為打擊任何敵人，所應具備的以「能力為導向」（Capabilities-base）的國防戰略規劃。 21世紀美國「國防轉型」戰略規劃，不但是全球矚目的焦點，亦是世界各國學習及仿效的對象，換言之；美國的國防轉型正代表下一場先進作戰型態的出現，本文嘗試由企業與國防轉型的共通性為起點，論述美國「國防轉型」的戰略規劃，並區分三個面向：第一、美國國防轉型將受國防預算的刪減而被迫必須調整國防組織架構，以肆應「確保能打贏下一場主要戰爭及嚇阻其他區域潛在的衝突」的新戰略構想。第二、面對中共的崛起，導致亞洲區域權力的失衡，美國推展亞洲「再平衡」戰略，防範與對抗中共軍力的擴張，其戰略意涵將牽動美國全球軍事戰略的調整。第三、今日中華民國亦面臨國防預算不足，但又將實施「募兵制」等國防轉型的關鍵時刻，如何汲取美國國防轉型的經驗供我國參考，攸關中華民國是否能成功轉型，至為重要。 關鍵字：國防轉型；威脅導向；能力導向；美國亞洲「再平衡」；募兵制

In December, 1997, the bipartisan “National Defense Panel” published a report titled: Transforming Defense; National Security in 21st Century, which moved U.S. Defense Transformation toward military transformation of the 21st Century. During Clinton Administration era, U.S. military transformation was a Threat-Base planning taking Cold War era Soviet Union as potential threat; it has been adjusted to a “Capabilities-Base” defense strategy which requires the capability to strike any enemy in Bush Jr. Administration. The strategic planning of 21st Century U.S. defense transformation not only attracts global attention, but also becomes a road model for countries in the world. In other words, U.S. defense transformation represents the emerging of next advanced operational mode. This essay attempts to illustrate the strategic planning of U.S. defense transformation from the commonalities of business and defense transformation, and divides it into three categories: 1. Due to defense budget cut, the U.S. is forced to reform its defense organizations to adapt to strategic concept of “ensuring the winning of next major war and deterring potential conflicts in other regions”; 2. The rise of PRC resulted in imbalance of power in Asia. The U.S. promotes its Asia rebalancing strategy in order to defend and confront PRC military expansion, which would lead to readjustment of U.S. global military strategies; 3. The R.O.C. is implementing defense transformation including promoting volunteer system while facing insufficiency in defense budget. How R.O.C. applies lessons learned from the U.S. is the essential to the success of its defense transformation. Key words: defense transformation, threat-base, capabilities-base, Asia rebalancing strategy, volunteer system.