宋代前期「共治天下」概念的形成與內涵

Abstract

本篇論文主要是研究宋代「共治天下」理念之形成，從太祖、太宗、真宗三朝當時的國家整體政策與士人風氣之形成開始鋪陳，希望在陳述宋代國策與君臣互動的過程中，可以清楚展現出宋代君臣之間微妙的關係，企圖重建當時瀰漫在士人間共治天下的理想輪廓。筆者嘗試描繪這套君臣共治的思想是怎樣在仁宗時范仲淹的手中被具體實踐，最後亦希望為文彥博當著神宗面說出那句「與士大夫共治天下」的自信與理想探根索源，期盼清楚說明這樣的力量得來不易，是經過大宋幾代君臣互相摩擦與積累的成果。

This dissertation explores how the ideal that a emperor should run his country with scholars bureaucrat, or 'joint governance' in short, was emerged in the Song Dynasty. Moreover, It also attempts to reconstruct the outlook for this widely-shared ideal among the scholars bureaucrat at that time. To succeed the two attempts, the author will firstly review the government policies and the scholar ethos under the rule of the first three emperors in the Song Dynasty. Through the review, the author tries to demonstrate the relationship between the emperors and the ministers through their interactions. In addition, the author will also show how the ideal of 'joint governance' was put into practice by 范仲淹 under the rule of 宋仁宗. Lastly, the author will uncover the reasons and beliefs underpinning 文彥博's confidence which led him to speak out to 宋神宗 that ' an emperor should govern his country together with scholars bureaucrat'.文's words and courage embodied the widely shared belief among scholars that joint governance is a better way to rule a country. However, the ideal can only be strived for through conflicts and compromises between the emperors and the ministers in the Song Dynasty.