雙聲言談與隱藏對話：威廉•福克納<<我彌留之際>>之後設語言學分析

Abstract

根據米蓋爾•巴赫汀提出的後設語言學研究方法，本論文分析威廉•福克納之小說《我彌留之際》主要人物言談中的隱藏對話。本研究取徑奠基於小說多音復調之特質，其核心方法關注小說的組成整體，並分析一個人的言談(discourse)與他人話語之間的相互關係。依照後設語言學的分析，語言文字中的對話關係將透過多種類型的雙聲言談(double-voiced discourse)而顯現。據此，論文中我檢視多種類型的雙聲言談，包含風格化話語(stylization)、內心悖反(internal polemic)、隱藏的對話性(hidden dialogicality)、對話式表達(dialogic speech)等等。我指出小說敘事構成中多種雙聲言談的分佈，並且藉由分析、討論雙聲言談的功用，探究以下三個面向：福克納對於特定角色所持之態度、圍繞著出殯旅程的諸多話題與思索中角色人物間對比的觀點、以及困擾著個別人物的問題所引發的緊張關係。我試圖突顯出福克納作品的兩點藝術特質：一是獨語模式中的沉抑對話，二是不同觀點聲音之間未解決的衝突。沉抑的對話分析了角色意識形態或自我答辯的過程，包含了艾迪的內心悖反、其他班德倫成員和牧師惠特費的意識中隱藏的對話性。而關於角色內心以及彼此間無以解決的衝突呈現，討論涵蓋了艾迪與寇拉互相針對的立場、和達爾內心世界另一個分裂自我的聲音。借助此研究方法，在看似單音獨語的模式中發掘來自他人口中的話語，並透過隱含對話形式探討角色呈現。

The thesis is an analysis of William Faulkner’s As I Lay Dying based on the dialogic angle of metalinguisitc approach proposed by Mikhail Bakhtin. According to the spirit of metalinguistics, the methodology analyzes the novel involved with polyphonic nature from the interrelationships between a person’s discourse and someone else’s words. In the process of metalinguistic analysis, dialogic dimensions are exposed through various types of “double-voiced discourse” within compositional unities of the novel. Accordingly, in my discussion of the novel, I shall proceed from the major characters’ self-enclosed utterances to the internal dialogization of the characters’ narrative discourses, and finally to specially arranged compositional dialogues for a number of characters. My analysis surveys how double-voiced discourses, including stylization, internal polemics, and hidden dialogues, are distributed in the narrative sections of the major characters, the Bundrens and their acquaintances, and how the function of these dialogic relationships contribute to the understanding of Faulkner’s attitudes toward specific characters, the counterpoised views on a number of subjects, and the tensions of personal inquiries into the problems of their lives. Overall, I attempt to expose two of Faulkner’s artistic temperament --- muffled dialogues within the mode of monologue and unresolved conflicts of voices. Muffled dialogues cover the development of character’s views of human life as well as the process of their inward debates. The confrontations of varying semantic attitudes are realized by Addie’s internal polemic as well as the phenomena of hidden dialogicality exposed in narratives of the Bundren members and Rev. Whitfield. The realm of unresolved conflicts is displayed by inter-orientations between Addie and Cora and between Darl and the voice of his “other self.” With the metalinguistic methodology, it is possible to uncover dialogic reactions manifested by double-voiced discourse for the major characters.