《莊子》中的「知」與「治」

Abstract

春秋戰國時代的政治混亂，使得原有的秩序崩解，形成「失序」。隨著「失序」，人的生活也漸失去了成法。因此，應運而生的是諸子百家主張對「失序」的矯正之法。對《莊子》而言，「失序」是亟欲解決的問題，但處理的重點是先行思考「秩序」的意含。不同的「秩序」意含，源自於不同「治」的作為；不同「治」的作為則是源自不同「知」的理解。是故，《莊子》理解到現世的「失序」問題若要根除，不能僅是在「治」作為上的調整，而應是回到問題的根源，也就是「知」的層次中去消解。總的來說，欲理解《莊子》對於「秩序」的想像，須藉由「知」與「治」來建構。當然，「知」與「治」的結合，需仰賴「人」作為一「存有」而體現，所以論及「知」與「治」的意義時，「人」的角色意義也不可忽視。本文試圖從不同層次的「知」與「治」出發，分析《莊子》對於「秩序」的理解，並說明《莊子》對於「人」的期待，期待透過「人」自身的完整，有機會讓「秩序」隨之復歸整全，再度形成一個復歸於「道」的「秩序」。

Owing to the political chaos of the Spring and Autumn and the Warring States Periods（春秋戰國時代）, the original order was destroyed, and accordingly caused “disorder”. Due to ”disorder” , the regularity of people’s lives declined gradually. Therefore, it led the various schools of thinkers’ corrections to come into existence. As far as《Zhuangzi》was concerned, “disorder” was the priority problem to be solved, but the key to dealing with it was to think over the conception of “order” primarily. Different conceptions of “order” derived from different conduct of “governing”. Similarly, different conduct of“governing” derived from different interpretation of “knowing”. Consequently,《Zhuangzi》realized that if we are eager to eliminate the“ disorder” in this generation, we cannot merely adjust our conduct of “governing”, but trace back to the problem ,that is, the interpretation of “knowing”, and then we can eliminate it. In conclusion, yearning for realizing《Zhuangzi》’s imagination toward “order”, we need both “knowing” and “governing”to set it up. Certainly, the combination of “knowing”and “governing” must rely on the expression of “human beings”. So, while we discuss the conception of “knowing” and “governing”, we cannot neglect the part of “human beings”. This passage intends to begin with various levels of “knowing” and “governing”, and analyzes the conception toward “order” by《Zhuangzi》. It also explains《Zhuangzi》’s expectation of “human beings”, expecting to restore the “order” by completed “human beings”, and then form the “order” belonging to ”Dao” （「道」）once again.