兩岸宮廟交流（2012年- 2019年）: 從社會資本理論的解構分析

Abstract

本研究以臺灣在地宮廟組織的視角出發，試圖以社會資本理論核心概念深入了解兩岸宮廟交流在詭譎多變國際局勢、中共對臺統戰氛圍下，涉及各層面議題的立場、看法及作法，深度探究交流活動的發起到結束的過程，影響兩岸宮廟交流活動辦理之核心因素。 在研究方法上，透過對於在地宮廟主觀意念深度訪談、2012年-2019年客觀社會網絡資料的蒐整歸納後，檢視宮廟社會網絡有無中共滲透在地協力者滲透，最後提出研究重要發現及及兩岸宗教交流所帶來的動態框架政策修正的建議。 研究發現: 以社會資本理論內涵三要素規範、社會網絡及信任整體分析結果來看促成兩岸宮廟進行交流的最關鍵、最核心的要素是信任（trust），其次才是規範、再來是網絡。經過次級資料及深度訪談宮廟的結果來看，2012-2019年的兩岸宮廟交流的信任是單純建立在對神明的信任，而發起活動交流，非被滲透而去被動交流，對在臺宮廟來說，是作宗教本質內容的事。但中共對臺的政治意圖，在兩岸政治情勢、政府政策、政治文化等不同的環境下，隨著政府宣導提醒、學者專家的研究、媒體訊息影響下，也確實影響著在臺宮廟在與陸方進行兩岸宮廟交流時，抱持著不碰及兩岸政治紅線為前提交往。 最後，以社會資本理論核心內涵檢視政治文化不同下的兩岸宮廟交流，經過研究分析、發現，在理論上有三項不同以往的具體貢獻。首先，對於網絡的討論，看到臺灣在地宮廟的社會網絡合作成員、方式等運作脈絡，透過更細緻的檢視中共欲滲透在地合作團體或個人對象為何，非僅是宮廟為主，不僅增加我們對兩岸宮廟交流複雜動態網絡協作結構全貌的瞭解，也能從中去審視宮廟社會網絡有無中共滲透在地協力者的問題；對於「信任」內涵的探究，增加對兩岸宮廟交流動機的深度瞭解；再來對「規範」內涵的檢討，則強化社會對兩岸宮廟交流背後「統戰」目的的防衛。 本研究僅對2012年-2019年參與兩岸宮廟交流的在臺宮廟進行研究，就受訪的在臺宮廟，並未符合名符其實的中共政治行為代理人定義，本研究的研究結果是否適用於該宮廟不同年份的檢視或是其他在臺宮廟對兩岸宮廟交流進行運作的邏輯，有待後續更多研究進行關注。

This study starts from the perspective of temple organizations in Taiwan, and attempts to use the core concepts of Social Capital Theory to deeply understand the positions, views and practices of cross-strait temple exchanges under the treacherous and ever-changing international situation and the atmosphere of The Chinese Communist Party's united front against Taiwan, involving all levels of issues. It deeply explores the process from the initiation to the end of the exchange activities, and the core factors that affect the handling of cross-strait temple exchange activities. In terms of research methods, through in-depth interviews with local temples and subjective ideas, and the collection and summary of objective social network data from 2012 to 2019, the temple social network is examined to see whether the CCP has infiltrated local collaborators. Finally, important research findings and suggestions for dynamic framework policy revisions brought about by cross-strait religious exchanges are proposed. The present study has the following findings: Based on the overall analysis results of the three elements of Social Capital Theory, norms, social networks and trust, the most critical and core element that promotes cross-strait temple exchanges is trust, followed by norms and then networks. According to the results of secondary data and in-depth interviews with temples, the trust in cross-strait temple exchanges from 2012 to 2019 was simply based on trust in the Gods, and initiating exchanges rather than passively communicating through infiltration was the essence of religion for temples in Taiwan. However, the CCP's political intentions towards Taiwan, under the different cross-strait political situations, government policies, political cultures, etc., with the government's propaganda reminders, the research of scholars and experts, and the influence of media information, have indeed affected temples in Taiwan when conducting cross-strait temple exchanges with the mainland, holding the premise of not touching the cross-strait political red line. In conclusion, by employing the core concepts of social capital theory to examine cross-strait temple exchanges under divergent political cultures, this study yields three notable theoretical contributions that depart from prior research. First, regarding the concept of networks, the study offers a more nuanced understanding of the operational dynamics of local Taiwanese temples, including their collaborative actors and modes of engagement. Through this detailed analysis, the study identifies potential targets of CCP infiltration efforts—not limited to temples per se, but extending to local collaborative groups or individuals. This contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of the complex and dynamic network structures characterizing cross-strait temple exchanges, while also facilitating the identification of possible CCP-aligned local collaborators embedded within temple social networks. Second, in exploring the dimension of trust, the study advances a deeper understanding of the underlying motivations that drive temple-based cross-strait exchanges. Third, through the critical examination of norms, the study enhances societal awareness and strengthens defensive capacities against the potential political agenda of "united front" work embedded in such exchanges. This study is confined to Taiwanese temples that engaged in cross-strait exchanges between 2012 and 2019. Based on interviews conducted, the participating temples do not meet the definitional criteria of bona fide political agents acting on behalf of the CCP. Whether the findings of this study are applicable to other timeframes or to different Taiwanese temples engaged in similar exchanges remains an open question, meriting further scholarly investigation.