邊境上的生存與連結：泰北清萊漂排村雲南人的移動與社群

Abstract

本論文以泰國北部清萊府與緬甸邊界接壤的漂排村作為田野地點，藉由該地雲南人社群的生命史敘說以及日常生活，探討泰北雲南人的移動歷程中國家邊界持續帶來的影響與過程。我想從邊界所具有邊緣性及連結性的兩項特徵，來探詢其如何彰顯在此地雲南人社群於不同情境下的實踐、協商乃至於多重的身分認同，最後形塑了以社群為出發點又融合族群與地方的群體身分認同。 泰北雲南人的經驗中充滿了移動的描述，這些移動的經驗時常以泰北孤軍在邊境輾轉遷移及與中華民國有密切關係的意象來呈現。但藉由漂排村雲南人老中青三代的生命史敘說，我們得以看見泰北雲南人底下的異同。相同為他們所經歷的國家邊界在他們生活中的影響，如他們皆面臨到滇緬泰邊境的地緣政治變化以及在國家邊界下的邊緣。相異為他們社群的祖籍和進入到泰國的過程不同等。國家邊界的邊緣性，在他們跨世代之間的影響具有延續性，呈現出邊界作為過程的意涵。另一方面，他們面對邊緣時做出的移動，能視為對邊緣的回應。邊界具備連結性的意涵，更讓他們透過不同身分的連結，替自己協商與尋求更好的生存。 而他們能夠進行連結的基礎，則為在邊境所形塑出來的社群身分認同。透過他們在泰國治理之下的地方日常生活、節日與儀式的實踐、村中機構組織扮演的角色等，我提出他們在不同情境中同中求異、異中求同的認同樣貌。他們具備的群體身分認同，不僅止於族群和地方，而是兩者交織之後形成跨越空間與人群界線的社群認同。他們身為泰北雲南人的瀾滄人，至少具有三種意義。瀾滄人代表的是社群認同，雲南人代表著他們連結不同雲南人社群和不同人群的身分，泰北則代表著自己身為泰國公民的身分。

This thesis discusses the influence of national borders on the moving trajectory of Yunnanese individuals in northern Thailand. Setting the fieldwork in Payaprai village, which is close to the border of Chiang Rai in northern Thailand and Burma, I dive into their daily lives and narratives of life histories. I aim to explore how the marginality and connectivity of borders manifest in the practices, negotiations, and the multiple identities of Yunnanese community in various situations. It ultimately shapes a collective identity that stems from the community and intertwines with ethnicity and place. The experience of Yunnanese in northern Thailand usually comes with Kuomintang (KMT) troops in northern Thailand that are constantly on the move and images related to the Republic of China. Through the narratives of life histories across three generations in Payaprai village, however, we can uncover the heterogeneity that lies beneath the surface. What they share are the influence of national borders on their daily lives, such as the life being on the national border and experiencing the changing geopolitical landscape between Yunnan, Burma, and Thailand. Yet, there are differences in their ancestral roots and means that are used to enter Thailand. The marginality of national borders extends across generations. The moving of the people at borderlands, on the other hand, can be viewed as their response to it. The common experience of being on the borders helps them to negotiate and seek for a better living despite differences in their identities. The foundation that allows them to connect derives from their community identity at the borderland. Through their daily lives under Thai governance, their practices on holidays and rituals, and roles of significant organizations, I argue that the images of their identities in different situations reflect seeking differences within similarities and similarities within differences. The group identity they hold are not solely defined by their ethnicity or places. Instead, they represent a community identity that combines the two and goes beyond the limits of space and people. Being Yunnanese in northern Thailand with the identity of being people coming from Lancang, Yunnan has at least three significances for the community: Being people coming from Lancang is their community identity, being Yunnanese represents their linkage with other Yunnanese communities and other ethnic groups, and lastly, being Yunnanese in northern Thailand indicates their status as citizens of Thailand.