國際關係中的天下主義：多重層次的理論途徑與當代中國的應用

Abstract

圍繞天下主義是什麼，及相關的存在性和替代性問題，本研究以名分關係秩序的核心定義出發，回顧了天下主題相關的研究，採用案例研究方法，在國家、區域、全球三個層次，對既有文獻進行回顧，將天下主義作為一種理論途徑，結合國家戰略文化、區域主義與安全、全球治理與秩序等理論構建理論框架、引入天下主義視角，通過天下維度和權力維度，劃分出國家層次的名天下、弱天下、柔天下、強天下，區域層次的競爭型天下、務實型天下、單一型天下、共同型天下，全球層次的團結型天下、鬥爭型天下、發展型天下、解放型天下等類型，以當代中國的政治參與為案例，包括國家層次的毛澤東時代、鄧小平時代、習近平時代，區域層次的一帶一路、ASEAN-RCEP、上海合作組織，全球層次的社會主義秩序、世界革命秩序、自由世界秩序、全球南方秩序中的政治參與案例，探討了天下主義理論途徑在三個層次中的應用。研究不僅對話了西方主流國際關係學理論，還試圖構建東方文明範式與中國研究理論，以兼具理論與實踐意義，作為天下研究的又一新起點。

This study addresses the question “What is Tianxiaism?” along with its existential and alternative implications. Starting from the core definition of Tianxia as an order based on rightful and acceptable relational positions (mingfen guanxi zhixu), it reviews the existing literature on Tianxia-related themes and adopts a case study method across three analytical levels: national, regional, and global. Framing Tianxiaism as a theoretical approach, the study engages with existing theories such as strategic culture, regionalism and security, and global governance and order. By introducing the Tianxia perspective and constructing a theoretical framework along the dimensions of tianxia and power, the study identifies distinct types of Tianxia: at the national level—nominal Tianxia, weak Tianxia, soft Tianxia, and strong Tianxia; at the regional level—competitive Tianxia, pragmatic Tianxia, unitary Tianxia, and communal Tianxia; and at the global level—solidarity Tianxia, struggle Tianxia, developmental Tianxia, and liberational Tianxia. Contemporary China’s political engagement serves as the empirical basis, with case studies including the Mao, Deng, and Xi eras at the national level; the Belt and Road Initiative, ASEAN-RCEP, and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization at the regional level; and China’s participation in socialist order, world revolutionary order, liberal world order, and Global South order at the global level. This study not only dialogues with mainstream Western international relations theories but also seeks to construct a theoretical paradigm rooted in Eastern civilization and Chinese thought, offering both theoretical and practical contributions and proposing a new starting point for Tianxia studies.