唐高宗武周時期的洛陽佛教——以僧傳和龍門石窟題記為中心

Abstract

本論文以唐高宗至武則天統治時期（650-704）為研究範圍，探討佛教在唐代社會的發展歷程。在唐代，佛教已成為社會不可或缺的重要組成部分，上至皇帝，下至平民百姓，每個人的生活都不可避免地接觸到佛教元素。而此時期的洛陽作為政治中心，各種資源皆集中於此，成為眾多僧人遊方駐錫的首選之地。城內不僅有規模宏大的寺院林立，城南郊外更有宗教聖地龍門石窟，供信眾參拜遊覽。 本論文的研究材料主要包括兩類：一是僧傳等僧人傳記文獻，二是龍門石窟造像題記。前者用以研究上層精英僧人在洛陽的活動軌跡，後者則用以探討民間百姓的信仰實踐與表現形式。 這個時期的洛陽城呈現出寺院林立、宗派百家爭鳴的繁榮景象。尤其是武則天執政後，藉由佛教思想為自身統治的合法性提供理論依據，因此更加需要借助上層僧人的力量。另一方面，在民間層面，造像題記的內容反映出發願對象的多樣性以及祈願內容的豐富性，上至皇帝安康，下至對家族先亡的祈願與關懷，充分揭示出佛教在個人、家族與國家層面皆具備重要意義。 透過兩種材料的結合，本論文試圖還原當時洛陽佛教的社會網絡，並深入探討政治與信仰之間的關係對唐代洛陽佛教發展所產生的影響。

This thesis takes the period from Emperor Gaozong to Empress Wu Zetian's reign (650-704) as its research scope, exploring the developmental process of Buddhism in Tang dynasty society. During the Tang dynasty, Buddhism had become an indispensable and important component of society, from the emperor above to commoners below, everyone's life inevitably came into contact with Buddhist elements. Luoyang during this period served as the political center, with all kinds of resources concentrated there, making it the preferred destination for numerous monks to travel and reside. The city not only had magnificent temples standing throughout, but also had the religious holy site of Longmen Grottoes in the southern suburbs, providing a place for believers to worship and visit. The research materials for this thesis mainly include two categories: first, biographical literature of monks such as monk biographies, and second, votive inscriptions from Longmen Grottoes statuary. The former is used to study the activity patterns of elite monks in Luoyang, while the latter is used to explore the religious practices and forms of expression among common people. Luoyang during this period presented a flourishing scene of temples standing everywhere and various Buddhist schools competing. Especially after Wu Zetian came to power, she relied on Buddhist thought to provide theoretical basis for the legitimacy of her rule, thus requiring even greater assistance from elite monks. On the other hand, at the popular level, the content of votive inscriptions reflects the diversity of objects of prayer and the richness of petition content, ranging from prayers for the emperor's well-being above to concerns and prayers for deceased family members below, fully revealing that Buddhism held important significance at personal, familial, and national levels. Through the combination of these two types of materials, this thesis attempts to reconstruct the social network of Buddhism in Luoyang at that time, and deeply explore the influence that the relationship between politics and faith had on the development of Buddhism in Tang dynasty Luoyang.