請用此 Handle URI 來引用此文件：
http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/98547完整後設資料紀錄
| DC 欄位 | 值 | 語言 |
|---|---|---|
| dc.contributor.advisor | 陳國勤 | zh_TW |
| dc.contributor.advisor | Benny K. K. Chan | en |
| dc.contributor.author | 陳宇萱 | zh_TW |
| dc.contributor.author | Yu-Hsuan Chen | en |
| dc.date.accessioned | 2025-08-18T00:49:47Z | - |
| dc.date.available | 2025-08-18 | - |
| dc.date.copyright | 2025-08-15 | - |
| dc.date.issued | 2025 | - |
| dc.date.submitted | 2025-08-05 | - |
| dc.identifier.citation | 揭維邦、劉芷妤、蔡孟伶、卡羿德勞。(2021年)。胸奴纏余，難辨雌雄——以聚合酶連鎖反應檢驗蟹奴寄生率及雄蟹雌化的關聯。國立新竹科學園區實驗高級中等學校。
Alexander, H. J., Richardson, J. M. L., Edmands, S., & Anholt, B. R. (2015). Sex without sex chromosomes: Genetic architecture of multiple loci independently segregating to determine sex ratios in the copepod Tigriopus californicus. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 28(12), 2196–2207. https://doi.org/10.1111/jeb.12743 Alvarez, F., Campos, E., Høeg, J. T., & O’Brien, J. (2001). Distribution and prevalence records of two parasitic barnacles (Crustacea: Cirripedia: Rhizocephala) from the west coast of North America. Bulletin of Marine Science, 68(2), 233–241. Andersen, M. L., Bohn, M., Høeg, J. T., & Jensen, P. G. (1990). Cyprid ultrastructure and adult morphology in Ptychascus barnwelli, new species, and P. glaber (Cirripedia: Rhizocephala), parasites on semiterrestrial crabs. Journal of Crustacean Biology, 10(1), 20–28. https://doi.org/10.2307/1548666 Annandale, N. (1911). Note on a rhizocephalous crustacean from fresh water and on some specimens of the order from Indian seas. Journal of Indian Zoology, 6, 1–4. Arbuzova, N. A., Lianguzova, A. D., Korn, O. M., & Miroliubov, A. A. (2025). Organization of lacunar and muscular systems of Polyascus polygeneus and Parasacculina pilosella (Rhizocephala: Polyascidae). Journal of Morphology, 286(2), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.70037 Bacci, G., Ballata, M., & Romani, M. L. (1958). Rapporti numerici dei sessi in tre popolazioni di Mytilicola intestinalis Steuer. Rendiconti della Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei. Classe di Scienze Fisiche, Matematiche e Naturali, Serie, 8(25), 6. Bartlett, J. E. I., Kotrlik, J. W., & Higgins, C. C. (2001). Determing appropriate sample size in survey research. Information Technology, Learning, and Performance Journal, 19(1), 43–50. Becheikh, S., Michaud, M., Thomas, F., Raibaut, A., & Renaud, F. (1998). Roles of resource and partner availability in sex determination in a parasitic copepod. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 265(1402), 1153–1156. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.1998.0411 Belgrad, B. A., & Griffen, B. D. (2015). Rhizocephalan infection modifies host food consumption by reducing host activity levels. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 466, 70–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2015.02.011 Bocquet-Védrine, J. (1961). Monographie de Chthamalophilus delagei, Rhizocéphale parasite de Chthamalus stellatus (Poli). Cahiers De Biologie Marine, 2, 455–593. Boone, E. J., Boettcher, A. A., Sherman, T. D., & O’Brien, J. J. (2003). Characterization of settlement cues used by the rhizocephalan barnacle Loxothylacus texanus. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 252, 187–197. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps252187 Boschma, H. (1933). The Rhizocephala in the collection of the British Museum. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 38(261), 473–552. Bower, S. M., & Boutillier, J. A. (1990). Sylon (Crustacea: Rhizocephala) infections on the shrimp in British Columbia. In Pathology in marine science (pp. 267–276). Academic Press. Bresciani, J., & Høeg, J. T. (2001). Comparative ultrastructure of the root system in rhizocephalan barnacles (Crustacea: Cirripedia: Rhizocephala). Journal of Morphology, 249(1), 9–42. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1039 Bretler, W. (1975). Growth and moulting of juvenile shore crabs, Carcinus maenas, in a natural population. Netherlands Journal of Sea Research, 9(1), 86–99. Brockerhoff, A. M., McLay, C. L., & Rybakov, A. V. (2010). Occurrence of Heterosaccus (Cirripedia: Rhizocephala) in the New Zealand crab Metacarcinus novaezelandiae (Decapoda: Cancridae) and distribution of other Rhizocephala in the South Pacific. Journal of Crustacean Biology, 30(3), 377–383. https://doi.org/10.1651/09-3270.1 Brown, E. E., Baumann, H., & Conover, D. O. (2014). Temperature and photoperiod effects on sex determination in a fish. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 461, 39–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2014.07.009 Bull, J. J. (1980). Sex determination in reptiles. The Quarterly Review of Biology, 55(1), 3–21. https://doi.org/10.1086/411613 Camp, A. A., Haeba, M. H., & LeBlanc, G. A. (2019). Complementary roles of photoperiod and temperature in environmental sex determination in Daphnia spp. Journal of Experimental Biology, 222(4): jeb195289. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.195289 Chalker-Scott, L. (1995). Survival and sex ratios of the intertidal copepod, Tigriopus californicus, following ultraviolet-B (290-320 nm) radiation exposure. Marine Biology, 123, 799–804. Chan, B. K. K., Dreyer, N., Gale, A. S., Glenner, H., Ewers-Saucedo, C., Pérez-Losada, M., Kolbasov, G. A., Crandall, K. A., & Høeg, J. T. (2021). The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 193(3), 789–846. https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160 Chan, B. K. K., Poon, D. Y. N., & Walker, G. (2005). Distribution, adult morphology, and larval development of Sacculina sinensis (Cirripedia: Rhizocephala: Kentrogonida) in Hong Kong coastal waters. Journal of Crustacean Biology, 25(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1651/C-2495 Chen, H. Y., Lee, C. H., Tsai, C. C., Liu, H. C., Yang, S. L., & Lee, C. Y. (2022). Interaction between the parasitic barnacle Polyascus planus (Cirripedia: Rhizocephala) and its brachyuran host Metopograpsus thukuhar during the development of the externa of the parasite: Control of the gonadal development and vitellogenin synthesis of the host. Frontiers in Marine Science, 9, 1073459. Cochran, W. G. (1977). Sampling techniques (3rd ed.). John Wiley & Sons. Cook, J. M. (2002). Sex determination in invertebrates. In I. C. W. Hardy (Ed.), Sex ratios: Concepts and research methods (pp. 178–194). United States of America by Cambridge University Press. Córdoba-Aguilar, A., & Munguía-Steyer, R. (2013). The sicker sex: Understanding male biases in parasitic infection, resource allocation and fitness. PLoS ONE, 8(10), e76246. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0076246 Costa, S., Bessa, F., & Pardal, M. A. (2013). The parasite Sacculina carcini Thompson, 1836 (Cirripedia, Rhizocephala) in the crab Carcinus maenas (Linnaeus, 1758) (Decapoda, Portunidae): Influence of environmental conditions, colour morphotype and sex. Crustaceana, 86(1), 34–47. https://doi.org/10.1163/15685403-00003150 Daugherty, S. J. (1969). Aspects of the ecology, life history, and host-parasite relationship of Loxothylacus panopaei (Sacculinidae) in Chesapeake Bay [Master's thesis, College of William and Mary]. https://doi.org/10.25773/v5-eebx-bz12 Deichmann, M., & Høeg, J. T. (1990). Boschmaella japonica, new species, a parasite on the barnacles Chthamalus challengeri and Balanus amphitrite amphitrite from Japan (Crustacea: Cirripedia: Rhizocephala: Chthamalophilidae). Acta Zoologica, 71(3), 173–175. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-6395.1990.tb01193.x DeVries, M. C., Rittschof, D., & Forward Jr, R. B. (1989). Response by rhizocephalan-parasitized crabs to analogues of crab larval-release pheromones. Journal of Crustacean Biology, 9(4), 517–524. Ferrari, D. C., & Hebert, P. D. N. (1982). The induction of sexual reproduction in Daphnia magna: genetic differences between arctic and temperate populations. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 60(9), 2143–2148. https://doi.org/10.1139/z82-274 Freeman, A. S., Blakeslee, A. M. H., & Fowler, A. E. (2013). Northward expansion of the rhizocephalan Loxothylacus panopaei (Gissler, 1884) in the northwest Atlantic. Aquatic Invasions, 8(3), 347–353. https://doi.org/10.3391/ai.2013.8.3.11 Galil, B. S., & Innocenti, G. (1999). Notes on the population structure of the portunid crab Charybdis longicollis leene, parasitized by the rhizocephalan Heterosaccus dollfusi boschma, off the Mediterranean coast of Israel. Bulletin of Marine Science, 64(3), 451–463. Gardner, A., & Ross, L. (2013). Haplodiploidy, sex-ratio adjustment, and eusociality. American Naturalist, 181(3), E60-E67. https://doi.org/10.1086/669147 Glenner, H. (2025, July 7–10). Parasitic barnacles (Rhizocephala) – Challenging the classic view of parasitic castration [Conference presentation abstract]. The Crustacean Society Summer Meeting, Paris, France. Glenner, H., & Hebsgaard, M. B. (2006). Phylogeny and evolution of life history strategies of the parasitic barnacles (Crustacea, Cirripedia, Rhizocephala). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 41(3), 528–538. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2006.06.004 Glenner, H., & Høeg, J. T. (2002). A scenario for the evolution of the Rhizocephala. In: Escobar-Briones, E., Alvarez, F. (eds) Modern approaches to the study of Crustacea (pp.301–310). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0761-1_42 Glenner, H., Lützen, J., & Takahashi, T. (2003). Molecular and morphological evidence for a monophyletic clade of asexually reproducing Rhizocephala: Polyascus, new genus (Cirripedia). Journal of Crustacean Biology, 23(3), 548–557. https://doi.org/10.1651/C-2361 Glenner, H., & Werner, M. (1998). Increased susceptibility of recently moulted Carcinus maenas (L.) to attack by the parasitic barnacle Sacculina carcini thompson 1836. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 228(1), 29–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-0981(98)00019-7 Goddard, J. H. R., Torchin, M. E., Kuris, A. M., & Lafferty, K. D. (2005). Host specificity of Sacculina carcini, a potential biological control agent of the introduced European green crab Carcinus maenas in California. Biological Invasions, 7(6), 895–912. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-003-2981-0 Hamilton, W. D. (1967). Extraordinary sex ratios. Science, 156(3774), 477–488. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.156.3774.477 Hardy, I. C. W. (2002). Sex ratios. Concepts and research methods covering. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511542053.020 Hartnoll, R. G. (1962). Parasitic castration of Macropodia longirostris (Fabricius) by a Sacculinid. Crustaceana, 4, 295–300. Hassan, A. M., El-Sayed, A. A. M., Amer, M. A., & Fouda, M. M. A. (2021). External morphology of Sacculina leptodiae (Sacculinidae: Rhizocephala) parasitizing the xanthid crab, Leptodius exaratus (xanthidae: Brachyura) from the coasts of the Red Sea, Gulfs of Suez and Aqaba, Egypt. Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Biology and Fisheries, 25(1), 331–349. https://doi.org/10.21608/ejabf.2021.142204 Heath, J. R. (1971). Seasonal changes in a population of Sacculina carcini Thompson (Crustacea: Rhizocephala) in Scotland. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 6(1), 15–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-0981(71)90044-X Hipeau-Jacquotte, R. (1978). Existence de deux formes sexuelles mâles chez le copépode ascidicole Notodelphyidae Pachypygus gibber (Thorell, 1859). Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires Des SPances de I’AcadPmie Des Sciences, Paris, Sir. D, 287, 253–256. Høeg, J. T. (1982). The anatomy and development of the rhizocephalan barnacle Clitosaccus paguri and relation to its host Pagarus bernhardus. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 58(1928), 87–125. Høeg, J. T. (1984). Size and settling behaviour in male and female cypris larvae of the parasitic barnacle Sacculina carcini Thompson (Crustacea: Cirripedia: Rhizocephala). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 76(2), 145–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-0981(84)90062-5 Høeg, J. T. (1985). Male cypris settlement in Clistosaccus paguri Lilljeborg (Crustacea: Cirripedia: Rhizocephala). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 89(2–3), 221–235. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-0981(85)90128-5 Høeg, J. T. (1987a). Correlation between cypris age, settlement rate and anatomical development in Lernaeodiscus porcellanae (Cirripedia: Rhizocephala). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 67(1), 65-75. Høeg, J. T. (1987b). Male cypris metamorphosis and a new male larval form, the trichogon, in the parasitic barnacle Sacculina carcini (Crustacea: Cirripedia: Rhizocephala). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. B, Biological Sciences, 317(1183), 47-63. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1987.0047 Høeg, J. T. (1990). “ Akentrogonid” host invasion and an entirely new type of life cycle in the rhizocephalan parasite Clistosaccus paguri (Thecostraca : Cirripedia). Journal of Crustacean Biology, 10(1), 37–52. Høeg, J. T. (1995). The biology and life cycle of the Rhizocephala (Cirripedia). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 75(3), 517–550. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315400038996 Høeg, J. T., & Lützen, J. (1995). Life cycle and reproduction in the Cirripedia, Rhizocephala. Oceanographic Literature Review, 12(43), 1234. Høeg, J. T., Noever, C., Rees, D. A., Crandall, K. A., & Glenner, H. (2020). A new molecular phylogeny-based taxonomy of parasitic barnacles (Crustacea: Cirripedia: Rhizocephala). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 190(2), 632–653. https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz140 Høeg, J. T., & Ritchie, L. E. (1985). Male cypris settlement and its effects on juvenile development in Lernaeodiscus porcellanae Müller (Crustacea : Cirripedia : Rhizocephala). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 87(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-0981(85)90187-X Høeg, J. T., Yusa, Y., & Dreyer, N. (2016). Sex determination in the androdioecious barnacle Scalpellum scalpellum (Crustacea: Cirripedia). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 118(2), 359–368. https://doi.org/10.1111/bij.12735 Hornell, E. C. (2017). Diet dependent sex ratios in Tigriopus californicus: Evidence for environmental sex determination in a system with polygenic sex determination [Doctoral dissertation, University of Victoria]. Hsiao, C. J., Wu, Y. I., Tung, T. A., Wang, G. Y., Toullec, J. Y., Liu, S. T., Huang, W. S., & Lee, C. Y. (2016). Metabolic effects of parasitization by the barnacle Polyascus plana (Cirripedia: Rhizocephala: Sacculinidae) on a grapsid host, Metopograpsus thukuhar. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 119(3), 199–206. https://doi.org/10.3354/dao03000 Hsu, H. M. (2014). Parasitic situation and external developemental stage of Polyascus plana (Cirripedia：Rhizocephala) parasite on Metopograpsus thukuhar [Master’s thesis, National Taiwan Ocean University]. Huang, J. F. (1999). Studies on the influence of crabs parasited by Rhizocephala. (Preparation of NSC Project Reports, NSC 88-2313-B-022-001-). Aquaculture Department, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology. Huang, J. F., & Lützen, J. (1998). Rhizocephalans (Crustacea: Cirripedia) from Taiwan. Journal of Natural History, 32(9), 1319–1337. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222939800770661 Huang, Y., Lo, Y. H., Hsu, J. C., Le, T. S., Yang, F. J., Chang, T., Braendle, C., & Wang, J. (2023). Widespread sex ratio polymorphism in Caenorhabditis nematodes. Royal Society Open Science, 10(3), 221636. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.221636 Huchin-Mian, J. P., Small, H. J., & Shields, J. D. (2018). The influence of temperature and salinity on mortality of recently recruited blue crabs, Callinectes sapidus, naturally infected with Hematodinium perezi (Dinoflagellata). Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 152(2018), 8–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jip.2018.01.003 Innocenti, G., Vannini, M., & Galil, B. S. (1998). Notes on the behaviour of the portunid crab charybdis longicollis leene parasitized by the rhizocephalan Heterosaccus dollfusi boschma. Journal of Natural History, 32(10–11), 1577–1585. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222939800771111 Isaeva, V. V., Shukalyuk, A. I., Trofimova, A. V., Korn, O. M., & Rybakov, A. V. (2001). The structure of colonial interna in Sacculina polygenea (Crustacea: Cirripedia: Rhizocephala). Crustacean Research, 30, 133–146. Jensen, A. R., Schneider, M. R., Høeg, J. T., Glenner, H., & Lützen, J. (2019). Variation in juvenile stages and success of male acquisition in Danish and French populations of the parasitic barnacle Sacculina carcini (Cirripedia: Rhizocephala) parasitizing the shore crab Carcinus maenas. Marine Biology Research, 15(2), 191–203. https://doi.org/10.1080/17451000.2019.1612071 Jung, J. (2024). The host range and distribution pattern of rhizocephalan parasitic barnacles in Korean coasts and their relationship with geographical factors. Frontiers in Marine Science, 11, 1359503. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2024.1359503 Jung, J., Yoshida, R., & Kim, W. (2019). Diversity of parasitic peltogastrid barnacles (Crustacea: Cirripedia: Rhizocephala) on hermit crabs in Korea. Zoological Studies, 58, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.6620/ZS.2019.58-33 Jung, J., Yoshida, R., Lee, D., & Park, J. K. (2021). Morphological and molecular analyses of parasitic barnacles (Crustacea: Cirripedia: Rhizocephala) in Korea: preliminary data for the taxonomy and host ranges of Korean species. PeerJ, 9, e12281. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.12281 Kajimoto, A., Høeg, J. T., Kato, K., & Yusa, Y. (2022). Variations in life cycle and seasonal sex ratio in the rhizocephalan Peltogasterella gracilis (Boschma, 1927) (Cirripedia: Rhizocephala: Peltogasterellidae). Journal of Crustacean Biology, 42(4), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1093/jcbiol/ruac057 Kajimoto, A., Yanagimachi, R., Takahashi, T., & Yusa, Y. (2024). Sex determination by a univalent chromosome in the rhizocephalan Peltogasterella gracilis (Cirripedia: Rhizocephala: Peltogasterellidae). The Biological Bulletin, 246(2–3), 98–107. https://doi.org/10.1086/734711 Kashenko, S. D., & Korn, O. M. (2002). Effects of temperature and salinity on the larvae of two species of rhizocephalan (Crustacea: Cirripedia). Invertebrate Reproduction and Development, 41(1–3), 179–184. https://doi.org/10.1080/07924259.2002.9652750 Kashenko, S. D., & Korn, O. M. (2003). Combined effects of seawater temperature and salinity on development of the larvae of the rhizocephalan Peltogaster reticulatus (Crustacea: Cirripedia). Russian Journal of Marine Biology, 29(3), 150–155. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024664631438 Kashenko, S. D., Korn, O. M., & Rybakov, A.V. (2002). Effects of temperature and salinity on the larvae of Sacculina polygenea (Crustacea: Cirripedia: Rhizocephala). Crustacean Research, 31, 9–17. Kobayashi, M., Wong, Y. H., Oguro-Okano, M., Dreyer, N., Høeg, J. T., Yoshida, R., & Okano, K. (2018). Identification, characterization, and larval biology of a rhizocephalan barnacle, Sacculina yatsui Boschma, 1936, from northwestern Japan (Cirripedia: Sacculinidae). Journal of Crustacean Biology, 38(3), 329–340. https://doi.org/10.1093/jcbiol/ruy020 Korn, O. M., & Golubinskaya, D. D. (2021). Larvae of rhizocephalans with a kentrogonid type of development and their significance in the taxonomy and phylogeny of parasitic crustaceans. Russian Journal of Marine Biology, 47(5), 325–336. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1063074021050072 Korn, O. M., Golubinskaya, D. D., Rees, D. J., Glenner, H., & Høeg, J. T. (2020). Phylogenetic position, complete larval development and larval sexual dimorphism in a rhizocephalan barnacle, Lernaeodiscus rybakovi sp. nov. (Cirripedia: Rhizocephala: Peltogastridae), parasitizing the crab Pachycheles stevensii Stimpson, 1858 (Decapoda: Anomura: Porcellanidae). Zoologischer Anzeiger, 287, 178–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcz.2020.06.005 Korpelainen, H. (1990). Sex ratios and conditions required for environmental sex determination in animals. Biological Reviews, 65(2), 147–184. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185x.1990.tb01187.x Kristensen, T., Nielsen, A. I., Jørgensen, A. I., Mouritsen, K. N., Glenner, H., Christensen, J. T., Lützen, J., & Høeg, J. T. (2012). The selective advantage of host feminization: A case study of the green crab Carcinus maenas and the parasitic barnacle Sacculina carcini. Marine Biology, 159(9), 2015–2023. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-012-1988-4 Lafferty, K. D., & Kuris, A. M. (2009). Parasitic castration: the evolution and ecology of body snatchers. Trends in Parasitology, 25(12), 564–572. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2009.09.003 Larsen, M. H., Høeg, J. T., & Mouritsen, K. N. (2013). Influence of infection by Sacculina carcini (Cirripedia, Rhizocephala) on consumption rate and prey size selection in the shore crab Carcinus maenas. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 446, 209–215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2013.05.029 Lee, C. H. (2022). Effects of parasitism by Polyascus plana on the host Metopograpsus thukuhar: histology of the gonads and hepatopancreas, and expression of vitellogenin [Master's Thesis, National Changhua University of Education]. Li, H., Yan, Y., Yu, X., Miao, S., & Wang, Y. (2011). Occurrence and effects of the rhizocephalan parasite, Polyascus gregarius, in the Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis, cultured in a freshwater pond, China. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 42(3), 354–363. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-7345.2011.00474.x Lianguzova, A., Arbuzova, N., Laskova, E., Gafarova, E., Repkin, E., Matach, D., Enshina, I., & Miroliubov, A. (2023). Tricks of the puppet masters: morphological adaptations to the interaction with nervous system underlying host manipulation by rhizocephalan barnacle Polyascus polygeneus. PeerJ, 11, e16348. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.16348 Liu, H. C., & Lützen, J. (2000). Asexual reproduction in Sacculina plana (Cirripedia: Rhizocephala), a parasite of six species of grapsid crabs from Taiwan. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 239(3–4), 277–287. Lützen, J. (1981). Field studies on regeneration in Sacculina carcini Thompson (Crustacea: Rhizocephala) in the Isefjord, Denmark. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 53(2–3), 241–249. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-0981(81)90023-X Lützen, J. (1984). Growth, reproduction, and life span in Sacculina carcini Thompson (Cirripedia: Rhizocephala) in the Isefjord, Denmark. Sarsia, 69(2), 91–105. https://doi.org/10.1080/00364827.1984.10420595 Lützen, J. (2002). Interna structure and nucleus formation in Sacculina polygenea (Crustacea: Cirripedia: Rhizocephala: Sacculinidae). Crustacean Research, 31, 39–46. https://doi.org/10.18353/crustacea.31.0_39 Lützen, J., Jensen, K. H., & Glenner, H. (2018). Life history of Sacculina carcini Thompson, 1836 (Cirripedia: Rhizocephala: Sacculinidae) and the intermoult cycle of its host, the shore crab Carcinus maenas (Linnaeus, 1758) (Decapoda: Brachyura: Carcinidae). Journal of Crustacean Biology, 38(4), 413–419. https://doi.org/10.1093/jcbiol/ruy044 Lützen, J., & Jespersen, Å. (1992). A study of the morphology and biology of Thompsonia littoralis (Crustacea: Cirripedia: Rhizocephala). Acta Zoologica, 73(1), 1–23. Lutzen, J., & Takahashi, T. (1997). Sacculina polygenea, a new species of rhizocephalan (Cirripedia: Rhizocephala) from Japan, parasitic on the intertidal crab Hemigrapsus sanguineus (De Haan, 1835) (Decapoda: Brachyura: Grapsidae). Crustacean Research, 26(0), 103–108. https://doi.org/10.18353/crustacea.26.0_103 Michaud, M., deMeeûs, T., & Renaud, F. (2004). Environmental sex determination in a parasitic copepod: checking heterogeneity and unpredictability of the environment. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 269(1973), 163–171. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps269163 Miroliubov, A., Borisenko, I., Nesterenko, M., Lianguzova, A., Ilyutkin, S., Lapshin, N., & Dobrovolskij, A. (2020). Specialized structures on the border between rhizocephalan parasites and their host’s nervous system reveal potential sites for host-parasite interactions. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-58175-4 Miroliubov, A., Lianguzova, A. D., Ilyutkin, S. A., Arbuzova, N. A., Lapshin, N. E., & Laskova, E. P. (2022). The interna of the rhizocephalan Peltogaster reticulata: Comparative morphology and ultrastructure. Arthropod Structure and Development, 70, 101190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asd.2022.101190 Mortimer, C. H. (1935). Untersuchungen über den generationswechsel der Cladoceren. Die Naturwissenschaften, 23(26–28), 476–480. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01493231 Mouritsen, K., Geyti, S., Lützen, J., Høeg, J., & Glenner, H. (2018). Population dynamics and development of the rhizocephalan Sacculina carcini, parasitic on the shore crab Carcinus maenas. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 131(3), 199–211. https://doi.org/10.3354/dao03290 Mouritsen, K. N., & Jensen, T. (2006). The effect of Sacculina carcini infections on the fouling, burying behaviour and condition of the shore crab, Carcinus maenas. Marine Biology Research, 2(4), 270–275. https://doi.org/10.1080/17451000600874752 Naderloo, R. (2011). Grapsoid crabs (Decapoda: Brachyura: Thoracotremata) of the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman. Zootaxa, 3048, 1–43. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3048.1.1 Nielsen, S. O. (1970). The effects of the rhizocephalan parasites Peltogaster paguri Rathke and Gemmosaccus sulcatus (Lilljeborg) on five species of paguridan hosts (Crustacea Decapoda). Sarsia, 42(1), 17-32. Noever, C., Keiler, J., & Glenner, H. (2016). First 3D reconstruction of the rhizocephalan root system using MicroCT. Journal of Sea Research, 113, 58–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seares.2015.08.002 Nour Eldeen, M. F., El Gamal, M. M., Abdelsalam, K. M., Shoukr, F. A., & Mona, M. H. (2019). Histomorphological investigation of the mature externa of Heterosaccus dollfusi (Crustacea, Rhizocephala). Zoomorphology, 138(4), 463–473. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00435-019-00453-5 O’Shaughnessy, K. A., Harding, J. M., & Burge, E. J. (2014). Ecological effects of the invasive parasite Loxothylacus panopaei on the flatback mud crab Eurypanopeus depressus with implications for estuarine communities. Bulletin of Marine Science, 90(2), 611–621. https://doi.org/10.5343/bms.2013.1060 Oda, S., Tatarazako, N., Watanabe, H., Morita, M., & Iguchi, T. (2005). Production of male neonates in four cladoceran species exposed to a juvenile hormone analog, fenoxycarb. Chemosphere, 60(1), 74–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.12.080 Okada, Y. K., & Miyashita, Y. (1935). Sacculinization in Eriocheir japonicus de Haan, with remarks on the occurrence of complete sex-reversal in parasitized male crabs. Memoirs of the College of Science, Kyoto Imperial University. Ser. B, 10(3), 169–208. Olmstead, A. W., & Leblanc, G. A. (2002). Juvenoid hormone methyl farnesoate is a sex determinant in the crustacean Daphnia magna. Journal of Experimental Zoology, 293(7), 736–739. https://doi.org/10.1002/jez.10162 Osawa, M., Chan, T. Y., & Yang, C. H. (2023). New records of the squat lobster genus Munidopsis Whiteaves, 1874 (Crustacea, Decapoda, Munidopsidae) from the deep sea off Taiwan. ZooKeys, 2023(1166), 271–286. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1166.104009 Pasternak, Z., Blasius, B., & Abelson, A. (2004). Host location by larvae of a parasitic barnacle: Larval chemotaxis and plume tracking in flow. Journal of Plankton Research, 26(4), 487–493. https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/fbh040 Pernet, B., Sloan, L. M., & Anderson, S. V. (2010). Kilometer-scale spatial variation in prevalence of the rhizocephalan Lernaeodiscus porcellanae on the porcelain crab Petrolisthes cabrilloi. Journal of Crustacean Biology, 30(2), 159–166. https://doi.org/10.1651/09-3190.1 Poon, D. Y. N. (2004). The population dynamics and feeding ecology of the mangrove crabs, Metopograpsus frontalis (grapsidae) and Perisesarma bidens (sesarmidae), in Hong Kong [Doctoral dissertation, The University of Hong Kong]. Rasmussen, E. (1973). Systematics and ecology of the isefjord marine fauna (Denmark): With a survey of the eelgrass (zostera) vegetation and its communities. Ophelia, 11(1), 1–507. https://doi.org/10.1080/00785326.1973.10430115 Rees, D., & Glenner, H. (2014). Control region sequences indicate that multiple externae represent multiple infections by Sacculina carcini (Cirripedia: Rhizocephala). Ecology and Evolution, 4(16), 3290–3297. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.1177 Ritchie, L. E., & Høeg, J. T. (1981). The life history of Lernaeodiscus porcellanae (Cirripedia: Rhizocephala) and co-evolution with its porcellanid host. Journal of Crustacean Biology, 1(3), 334–347. https://doi.org/10.2307/1547966 Robles, R., Alvarez, F., & Alcaraz, G. (2002). Oxygen consumption of the crab Callinectes rathbunae parasitized by the rhizocephalan barnacle Loxothylacus texanus as a function of salinity. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 235, 189–194. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps235189 Rubiliani, C. (1983). Action of a rhizocephalan on the genital activity of host male crabs: Characterization of a parasitic secretion inhibiting spermatogenesis. International Journal of Invertebrate Reproduction, 6(3), 137–147. https://doi.org/10.1080/01651269.1983.10510036 Rubiliani, C., & Payen, G. G. (1979). Modalités de la destruction des régions neurosécrétrices des crabes Carcinus maenas (L.) et C. mediterraneus Czerniavsky infestés par la Sacculine. General and Comparative Endocrinology, 38(2), 215–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-6480(79)90209-0 Rubin, D. A. (1985). Effect of pH on sex ratio in cichlids and a poecilliid (Teleostei). Copeia, 1985(1), 233. https://doi.org/10.2307/1444818 Rybakov, A.V., & Høeg, J. T. (2002). The ultrastructure of retinacula in the Rhizocephala (Crustacea: Cirripedia) and their systematic significance. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 241(2), 95–103. https://doi.org/10.1078/0044-5231-00023 Rybakov, A.V., & Høeg, J. T. (2012). Anatomy of Arcturosaccus kussakini, new genus, new species (Rhizocephala: Akentrogonida), from the ultraabyssal isopod Antarcturus zenkewitchi Kussakin (Arcturidae). Journal of Crustacean Biology, 12(4), 592–599. Shirley, S. M., Shirley, T. C., & Meyers, T. R. (1986). Hemolymph responses of Alaskan king crabs to rhizocephalan parasitism. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 64(8), 1774–1781. https://doi.org/10.1139/z86-267 Shukalyuk, A., Isaeva, V., Kizilova, E., & Baiborodin, S. (2005). Stem cells in the reproductive strategy of colonial rhizocephalan crustaceans (crustacea: cirripedia: Rhizocephala). Invertebrate Reproduction and Development, 48(1–3), 41–53. https://doi.org/10.1080/07924259.2005.9652169 Sloan, L. M., & Hardy, S. M. (2017). Larval biology and environmental tolerances of the king crab parasite Briarosaccus regalis. Journal of Parasitology, 103(1), 22–31. https://doi.org/10.1645/16-51 Smith, G. (1880). Rhizocepha. In Fauna und Flora des Golfes von Neapel: und der angrenzenden Meeres-Abschnitte (pp. 1–129). Leipzig: W. Engelmann. Stoner, A. W., Ottmar, M. L., & Copeman, L. A. (2010). Temperature effects on the molting, growth, and lipid composition of newly-settled red king crab. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 393(1–2), 138–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2010.07.011 Sudha, K., & Anilkumar, G. (1996). Seasonal growth and reproduction in a highly fecund brachyuran crab, Metopograpsus messor (Forskal) (Grapsidae). Hydrobiologia, 319(1), 15–21. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00020967 Takahashi, T., Iwashige, A., & Matsuura, S. (1997). Behavioral manipulation of the shore crab, Hemigrapsus sanguineus by the rhizocephalan barnacle, Sacculina polygenea. Crustacean Research, 26(0), 153–161. https://doi.org/10.18353/crustacea.26.0_153 Takahashi, T., & Lützen, J. (1998). Asexual reproduction as part of the life cycle in Sacculina polygenea (Cirripedia: Rhizocephala: Sacculinidae). Journal of Crustacean Biology, 18(2), 321–331. https://doi.org/10.2307/1549326 Takahashi, T., & Matsuura, S. (1994). Laboratory studies on molting and growth of the shore crab, Hemigrapsus sanguineus de Haan, parasitized by a rhizocephalan barnacle. The Biological Bulletin, 186(3), 300–308. https://doi.org/10.2307/1542276 Tsai, C. C. (2021). Control of the endocrine system of the host (Metopograpsus thukuhar) by Polyascus plana: the molt-inhibiting hormone-ecdysteroid axis [Master's Thesis, National Changhua University of Education]. Tu, T. H., Chan, B. K. K., & Jeng, M. S. (2009). Larval development and sex ratio variation of Polyascus plana (Cirripedia: Rhizocephala), a parasite of the crab Grapsus albolineatus, in Taiwan. Bulletin of Marine Science, 84(3), 331–349. Tung, T. A. (2018). Responses of a brachyuran host (Metopograpsus thukuhar) to a parasitic barnacle (Polyascus plana): A transcriptomics study [Master's Thesis, National Changhua University of Education]. Van Engel, W. A., Dillon, W. A., Zwerner, D., & Eldridge, D. (1966). Loxothylacus panopaei (Cirripedia, Sacculinidae) an introduced parasite on a xanthid crab in Chesapeake Bay, USA. Crustaceana, 10(1), 110-112. Veillet, A. (1945). Recherches sur le parasitisme des crabes et des galathees par les rhizocephales et les Epicarides. Annales de l’Institut Oceanographique, Monaco, 22, 193–341. Veillet, A. (1947). Metamorphosis of the cypress larva of the rhizoccephalus Septosaccus cuenoti Dub. pagure parasite Diogenes pugilator. Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires Des Seances de I’Academie Des Science, 224(12), 957–959. Veillet, A. (1963). Metamorphose de la cypris du Rhizocephale Drepanorchis neglecta Fraysse. Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires Des Seances de I’Academie Des Sciences, 256, 1609–1610. Veillet, A. (1964). La metamorphose des cypris femelles des Rhizocephales. Zoologische Mededeelingen, 39, 573–576. Voordouw, M. J., & Anholt, B. R. (2002). Environmental sex determination in a splash pool copepod. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 76(4), 511–520. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1095-8312.2002.00087.x Waiho, K., Fazhan, H., Glenner, H., & Ikhwanuddin, M. (2017). Infestation of parasitic rhizocephalan barnacles Sacculina beauforti (Cirripedia, Rhizocephala) in edible mud crab, Scylla olivacea. PeerJ, 5(6), e3419. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3419 Waiho, K., Glenner, H., Miroliubov, A., Noever, C., Hassan, M., Ikhwanuddin, M., & Fazhan, H. (2021). Rhizocephalans and their potential impact on crustacean aquaculture. Aquaculture, 531, 735876. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.735876 Walker, G. (1985). The cypris larvae of Sacculina carcini Thompson (Crustacea: Cirripedia: Rhizocephala). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 93(1–2), 131–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-0981(85)90154-6 Walker, G. (1987). Further studies concerning the sex ratio of the larvae of the parasitic barnacle, Sacculina carcini Thompson. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 106(2), 151–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-0981(87)90153-5 Walker, G. (1988). Observations on the larval development of Sacculina carcini (crustacea: Cirripedia: Rhizocephala). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 68(3), 377–390. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315400043277 Walker, G. (2001). Introduction to the Rhizocephala (crustacea: Cirripedia). Journal of Morphology, 249(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1038 Walker, G. (2005). Sex determination in the larvae of the parasitic barnacle Heterosaccus lunatus : an experimental approach. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 318(1), 31–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2004.12.008 Walker, G., & Clare, A. S. (1994). The effect of salinity on the development of Loxothylacus panopaei larvae (Crustacea: Cirripedia: Rhizocephala). Estuaries, 17(1), 276–282. Walker, G., Clare, A. S., Rittschof, D., & Mensching, D. (1992). Aspects of the life-cycle of Loxothylacus panopaei (Gissler), a sacculinid parasite of the mud crab Rhithropanopeus harrisii (Gould): a laboratory study. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 157(2), 181–193. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-0981(92)90161-3 Walker, G., & Lester, R. J. G. (1998). Effect of salinity on development of larvae of Heterosaccus lunatus (Cirripedia: Rhizocephala). Journal of Crustacean Biology, 18(4), 650. https://doi.org/10.2307/1549139 Walker, G., & Lester, R. J. G. (2000). The cypris larvae of the parasitic barnacle Heterosaccus lunatus (Crustacea, Cirripedia, Rhizocephala): Some laboratory observations. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 254(2), 249–257. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-0981(00)00284-7 Wedekind, C., & Jakobsen, P. J. (1998). Male-biased susceptibility to helminth infection: An experimental test with a copepod. Oikos, 81(3), 458–462. Yabuta, M., Høeg, J. T., Yamato, S., & Yusa, Y. (2020). Life cycles of the rhizocephalan Boschmaella japonica Deichmann & Høeg, 1990 (Cirripedia: Chthamalophilidae) and its host barnacle Chthamalus challengeri Hoek, 1883 (Cirripedia: Chthamalidae). Journal of Crustacean Biology, 40(6), 825–832. https://doi.org/10.1093/jcbiol/ruaa027 Yamaguchi, S., Høeg, J. T., & Iwasa, Y. (2014). Evolution of sex determination and sexually dimorphic larval sizes in parasitic barnacles. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 347(1), 7–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtbi.2014.01.011 Yanagimachi, R. (1961). Studies on the sexual organization of the Rhizocephala. III. The mode of sex-determination in Peltogasterella. The Biological Bulletin, 120(2), 272–283. https://doi.org/10.2307/1539383 Yang, C. P., Li, H. X., Li, L., & Yan, Y. (2014). Occurrence and effects of the rhizocephalan parasite Diplothylacus sinensis (cirripedia: Rhizocephala: thomsoniidae) in the swimming crab Portunus sanguinolentus (decapoda: Portunidae) in Honghai Bay, South China Sea. Journal of Crustacean Biology, 34(5), 573–580. https://doi.org/10.1163/1937240X-00002270 Yang, S. L. (2023). Immune responses to the parasitic barnacle (Polyascus planus) by its brachyuran host (Metopograpsus thukuhar) [Master's Thesis, National Changhua University of Education]. Yang, Y., Ke, Z., Ma, F., Dong, J., Jiang, M., Li, P., Zhu, Q., Wang, Y., Liu, K., & Zhang, F. (2022). Detection of immune-related enzyme activity, gene expression and metabolomic profiling in Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis parasitized by Polyascus gregaria. Aquaculture Research, 53(11), 4045–4058. https://doi.org/10.1111/are.15906 Ye, Z., Bishop, T., Wang, Y., Shahriari, R., & Lynch, M. (2023). Evolution of sex determination in crustaceans. Marine Life Science and Technology, 5(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42995-023-00163-4 Yoshida, K., Terai, Y., Mizoiri, S., Aibara, M., Nishihara, H., Watanabe, M., Kuroiwa, A., Hirai, H., Hirai, Y., Matsuda, Y., & Okada, N. (2011). B chromosomes have a functional effect on female sex determination in Lake Victoria cichlid fishes. PLoS Genetics, 7(8), e1002203. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1002203 Yoshida, R., Hirose, M., Mok, H., & Hirose, E. (2012). The first records of peltogastrid rhizocephalans (Crustacea: Cirripedia: Rhizocephala) on hermit crabs (Paguroidea) in Taiwan and differences in prevalences among collection sites. Zoological Studies, 51(7), 1027–1039. Zaborski, P., Dorizzi, M., & Pieau, C. (1982). H-Y antigen expression in temperature sex-reversed turtles (Emys orbicularis). Differentiation, 22(1–3), 73–78. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1432-0436.1982.tb01228.x Zuk, M. (2009). The sicker sex. PLoS Pathogens, 5(1), 1–3. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000267 | - |
| dc.identifier.uri | http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/98547 | - |
| dc.description.abstract | 刺針幼體型蟹奴(Kentrogonid-type Rhizocephala)的生命週期仰賴雌性幼體感染宿主，以及雄性幼體進入virgin externa這兩個環節來完成，其中需要蟹奴與宿主生命週期之間的同步。這種同步性可從感染率、外體發育階段及幼體性別比的季節變化中觀察到。幼體性別比具有季節性變化亦可能反映出性別決定受到環境因子，如溫度與光照週期的影響。本研究旨在探討蟹奴的生命週期、宿主與寄生者互動以及蟹奴的性別決定。這個研究的假說為感染盛行率、外體發育階段及幼體性別比的季節變化可反映蟹奴的生命週期與牠和宿主的互動，且蟹奴的性別受到溫度與光照週期的影響。本研究於2022年3月至2023年6月於基隆與宜蘭採集寄生在土夸大額蟹（Metopograpsus thukuhar）上的扁平多囊蟹奴（Polyascus planus）。為了解蟹奴的生命週期即與宿主的互動關係，每月紀錄感染率、外體發育階段、宿主背甲寬與性別，以及第一批釋放的幼體性別比。為探討溫度與光週期對性別決定的影響，將帶有外體的宿主飼養於四種組合處理下（28°C/18°C × 13:11/11:14 hr光週期），並收集這些蟹奴釋放的幼體。由於雌雄幼體的甲殼長度有重疊（59 μm），因此以觸角（antennules）上的嗅覺剛毛（aesthetascs）來判定幼體性別。結果顯示扁平多囊蟹奴的感染率偏高（29.82%-86.36%），可能與漁港封閉的環境有關。夏季出現偏高雌性幼體比例，與低感染率的時期重疊。然而，virgin externa出現的季節（夏季）與雄性比例偏高的季節（冬季）並未同步。所有外體發育階段與雌雄幼體全年皆可觀察到，且性別比變異大（25.15 ± 34.75% 至 79.68 ± 47.95%），顯示宿主與蟹奴之間的同步性並非扁平多囊蟹奴繁殖所必需。此外，四種溫度與光照處理下的幼體性別比並無顯著差異，顯示溫度與光照週期並非影響性別決定的因子。性別決定可能受到來自宿主或virgin externa釋放的化學訊號影響，或可能由遺傳機制所控制，但皆尚未有足夠研究。本研究有助於理解蟹奴的繁殖策略與宿主寄生蟲之間的互動，並指出扁平多囊蟹奴的幼體性別決定並非單純由溫度或光週期控制，可能涉及其他調控機制。 | zh_TW |
| dc.description.abstract | The life cycle of kentrogonid-type Rhizocephala depends on female larvae infecting the host and male larvae entering the virgin externa, requiring synchronization with both the host and conspecifics. This synchrony is reflected in seasonal patterns of infection prevalence, externa developmental stages, and larval sex ratio. Seasonal shifts in larval sex ratio may also indicate that sex determination is influenced by environmental factors such as temperature and photoperiod. This study aims to explore the life cycle, host-parasite interaction, and sex determination of rhizocephalans. I hypothesize that the seasonality of infection prevalence, proportion of externa stages, and larval sex ratio reflects life cycle dynamics and host-parasite interactions, and that sex is influenced by temperature and photoperiod. From March 2022 to June 2023, Polyascus planus parasitizing Metopograpsus thukuhar were collected from Keelung and Yilan. To investigate the life cycle and host-parasite interaction, monthly infection prevalence, externa stages, host size and sex, and the larval sex ratio of the first broods were recorded. To test the effects of temperature and photoperiod on sex determination, crabs bearing externa were cultured under four treatments combining summer/winter temperatures (28°C or 18°C) and light-dark cycles (13:11 or 11:14 h). Larval sex was identified by the presence of aesthetascs on the antennules, as carapace length showed substantial overlap (59 μm) between sexes. P. planus exhibited high infection prevalence (29.82%–86.36%) in M. thukuhar, likely due to the enclosed harbor environment. Female-biased larval ratios coincided with low infection prevalence in summer, but no synchrony was found between virgin externa emergence (summer) and male-biased ratios (winter). All externa stages and both larval sexes occurred year-round, with highly variable sex ratios (25.15 ± 34.75% to 79.68 ± 47.95%), suggesting that reproductive synchronization may not be essential for P. planus. Additionally, larval sex ratios did not differ across temperature and photoperiod treatments, indicating that sex determination is not solely controlled by these factors. It may instead be influenced by other environmental cues, such as chemical signals from hosts or externa, or through a genetic mechanism. This study provides insight into the reproductive strategy and host-parasite interaction of rhizocephalans, and suggests that larval sex determination in P. planus is not solely regulated by temperature or photoperiod, implying the involvement of other regulatory mechanisms. | en |
| dc.description.provenance | Submitted by admin ntu (admin@lib.ntu.edu.tw) on 2025-08-18T00:49:47Z No. of bitstreams: 0 | en |
| dc.description.provenance | Made available in DSpace on 2025-08-18T00:49:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 | en |
| dc.description.tableofcontents | 誌謝 i
中文摘要 ii Abstract iii Contents v List of figures viii List of tables xi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Background 1 1.1.1 Classification and basic biology of Rhizocephala 1 1.1.2 Kentrogonid-type life cycle 3 1.1.3 Akentrogonid-type life cycle 9 1.1.4 The effect of rhizocephalans on the host 12 1.1.5 Rhizocephalan studies in Taiwan 16 1.2 Temporal variation in rhizocephalan prevalence, proportion of externa stage and larval sex ratio 18 1.2.1 Prevalence of rhizocephalans 18 1.2.2 Externa stage 24 1.2.3 Larval sex ratio varies seasonally and geographically 26 1.2.4 Larval carapace size variation as a criterion identifying sex 28 1.2.5 Interactions between host and rhizocephalan life cycles 30 1.3 Factors affecting larval sex ratio in rhizocephalans 33 1.3.1 Sex determination in animals 33 1.3.2 Studies on GSD in rhizocephalans 37 1.3.3 Studies on ESD in rhizocephalans 38 1.4 Polyascus planus 44 1.5 The objectives and the hypotheses of the study 46 2 Materials and methods 48 2.1 Study sites and timing 48 2.2 Sampling of host crabs and the parasite Polyascus planus 49 2.3 The infection prevalence and the externa stage of Polyascus planus 49 2.4 Lab cultivation of Polyascus planus larvae 54 2.4.1 First brood and larval sex ratio 54 2.4.2 Effect of light-dark cycle and water temperature 57 2.4.3 Fertilization of virgin externa under different light-dark cycles and water temperature treatment 60 2.5 Temporal and gender variation in cyprids carapace length 62 3 Result 64 3.1 Infection prevalence 64 3.1.1 Seasonal variation in infection prevalence 64 3.1.2 Crab sex ratio and infected prevalence of the host crabs 65 3.1.3 Population structure and reproduction of the host crabs 67 3.1.4 Effect of seasons/prevalence period, sites, crab sex and size on infection prevalence 68 3.2 Externa stage 70 3.2.1 Temporal and spatial variation in the proportion of externa stages 70 3.2.2 Variation in externa stages in different sizes of host crabs 73 3.2.3 Occurrence patterns of externa stages in different host sexes 75 3.2.4 Variation of virgin externa between seasons, crab sizes, sexes and sites 75 3.3 Larval sex ratio under different light-dark and temperature treatments 77 3.3.1 Larval sex ratio of the first brood from field-fertilized externae 77 3.3.2 Sex ratios of larvae from field-fertilized externae under temperature and photoperiod treatments 79 3.3.3 Sex ratios of larvae from artificially-fertilized externae under temperature and photoperiod treatments 80 3.4 Larval release intervals 82 3.5 Larval carapace length 83 4 Discussion 87 4.1 Relationship between infection prevalence, proportion of externa stages and larval sex ratio 87 4.1.1 Spatial variation in infection prevalence 87 4.1.2 Seasonal variation in infection prevalence 90 4.1.3 Effects of host sex on infection prevalence 94 4.1.4 Female rhizocephalan larvae’s preference in host size 97 4.1.5 Seasonal patterns of externa stages 101 4.1.6 Potential adaptive significance of seasonal variation in larval sex ratio 107 4.1.7 The reproduction dynamics of Polyascus planus 112 4.2 The sex determination factors of Polyascus planus 113 4.2.1 Effect of water temperature and light-dark cycle on larval sex ratio 113 4.2.2 Possible ESD factors in Polyascus planus 115 4.2.3 Interindividual variation in larval sex ratio 117 4.2.4 The possibility of GSD in Polyascus planus 119 4.3 Limitations and other observations in this study 122 4.3.1 Potential underestimation of infection status 122 4.3.2 Limitation in sample collection 123 4.3.3 Timing of molting and recruitment 124 4.3.4 Limitations in the laboratory experiment 126 5 Conclusions 129 Reference 130 Figures 146 Tables 195 | - |
| dc.language.iso | en | - |
| dc.subject | 蟹奴 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject | 寄生率 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject | 幼體性別比 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject | 宿主寄生蟲互動 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject | 性別決定 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject | 光週期 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject | 水溫 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject | infection prevalence | en |
| dc.subject | water temperature | en |
| dc.subject | light-dark cycle | en |
| dc.subject | sex determination | en |
| dc.subject | host-parasite interaction | en |
| dc.subject | larval sex raio | en |
| dc.subject | Rhizocephala | en |
| dc.title | 台灣產扁平多囊蟹奴的生命週期及幼體性別比 | zh_TW |
| dc.title | Life cycle and larval sex ratio of the rhizocephalan barnacle Polyascus planus in Taiwan | en |
| dc.type | Thesis | - |
| dc.date.schoolyear | 113-2 | - |
| dc.description.degree | 碩士 | - |
| dc.contributor.oralexamcommittee | 李奇英;施習德 | zh_TW |
| dc.contributor.oralexamcommittee | Chi-Ying Lee;Hsi-Te Shih | en |
| dc.subject.keyword | 蟹奴,寄生率,幼體性別比,宿主寄生蟲互動,性別決定,光週期,水溫, | zh_TW |
| dc.subject.keyword | Rhizocephala,infection prevalence,larval sex raio,host-parasite interaction,sex determination,light-dark cycle,water temperature, | en |
| dc.relation.page | 241 | - |
| dc.identifier.doi | 10.6342/NTU202503075 | - |
| dc.rights.note | 同意授權(全球公開) | - |
| dc.date.accepted | 2025-08-11 | - |
| dc.contributor.author-college | 生命科學院 | - |
| dc.contributor.author-dept | 生態學與演化生物學研究所 | - |
| dc.date.embargo-lift | 2030-07-31 | - |
| 顯示於系所單位： | 生態學與演化生物學研究所 | |
文件中的檔案：
| 檔案 | 大小 | 格式 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| ntu-113-2.pdf 此日期後於網路公開 2030-07-31 | 9.66 MB | Adobe PDF |
系統中的文件，除了特別指名其著作權條款之外，均受到著作權保護，並且保留所有的權利。