從憲法基本權談代孕法制的建構

Abstract

人工生殖技術的發展，使得人類得以突破先天生理機能的限制，藉由科學與醫療手段實現原本無法達成的生育目標。而這不僅改變了傳統對於生殖與親子關係的理解，也對既有法律體系與倫理規範帶來前所未有的挑戰。人工生殖領域中，直至今日仍為各國普遍關注與爭議的重要議題，即是代孕生殖的開放與否。我國針對代理孕母，雖已歷經多次政策討論與立法草案的提出，惟迄今仍未能就代孕生殖之合法性與規範模式達成明確結論。此應係源自於社會中長期存在著對代理孕母的疑慮與不安。然而，作為民主憲政的國家，國家決策不應僅止於回應多數意見的壓力，更應從憲法的視角，審慎檢視代理孕母與基本權保障之間的關聯，進一步作成合憲的決定。 在憲法此一命題下，代理孕母的討論可分為兩個層次。一是人民究竟有無透過憲法生育權主張進行代孕生殖的可能，以及人民決定成為代孕者是否為憲法所許。二是，若肯認人民對代孕生殖之近用受到憲法的保障，則國家如何在規範制定或制度運作上，遵守憲法設下的行為要求。就此，既包含國家對基本權的正當干預，也包括國家對保護義務的履行。由於代理孕母所涉及的，是多方基本權衝突與保障的問題，也因此，在此議題的探討上，不應僅止於「開放或禁止」的二元框架，更應思考如何在兼顧多元權利與社會利益的基礎上，進行制度的規劃。本文將依照此脈絡，從學理上進行分析，並以希臘、以色列、英國及美國加州的經驗為鏡，就我國在面對代孕所涉及之憲法評價與制度設計時，應採取之決策方向，提出具體建議。

The development of assisted reproductive technologies has enabled humanity to transcend inherent physiological limitations and, through scientific and medical means, achieve reproductive goals that were previously unattainable. This evolution not only transforms the traditional understanding of reproduction and parent-child relationships but also presents unprecedented challenges to existing legal systems and ethical frameworks. Among the issues in the field of assisted reproduction, the question of whether surrogacy should be permitted continues to be a matter of widespread attention and controversy across many countries. In Taiwan, although there have been multiple rounds of policy discussions and the introduction of legislative proposals regarding surrogacy, to date, no clear consensus has been reached concerning the legality of surrogacy and the appropriate regulatory model. This stalemate appears to stem from the longstanding societal apprehension and unease surrounding surrogacy arrangements. Nevertheless, as a democratic and constitutional state, governmental decision-making should not merely yield to the pressures of majority opinion; rather, it must carefully examine the relationship between surrogacy and the protection of fundamental rights from a constitutional perspective, and further make decisions that are consistent with constitutional principles. Under this constitutional framework, the discussion of surrogacy can be divided into two levels. First, whether individuals may invoke the constitutional right to procreation as a basis to claim access to surrogacy, and whether the decision to become a surrogate is protected under the Constitution. Second, if it is acknowledged that access to surrogacy is encompassed within constitutionally protected rights, how the state, in establishing regulations or implementing policies, should adhere to the requirements imposed by the Constitution. This includes not only the legitimacy of state restrictions on fundamental rights but also the fulfillment of the state's duty to protect those rights. Given that surrogacy inherently involves conflicts and tensions among multiple fundamental rights, its consideration should not be confined to a binary framework of simply “permitting or prohibiting.” Rather, it requires thoughtful institutional design that balances diverse individual rights and societal interests. In this context, this article undertakes an analysis from a theoretical perspective and, drawing on the experiences of Greece, Israel, the United Kingdom, and California in the United States, offers concrete recommendations on the policy directions that Taiwan should adopt in evaluating and designing its surrogacy regulations within a constitutional framework.