美國拜登政府對中科技戰具體做法：以半導體產業為例

Abstract

自2018年美中貿易戰爆發以來，美國逐步強化對中國科技實力之限制與打擊，逐漸構建出一套具有核心戰略目標的科技封鎖體系，成為當代國際權力政治與科技治理交織下極具代表性的戰略競爭案例。隨著科技於國家安全層面的重要性日益提升，先進半導體產品及相關新興技術已不再僅是促進經濟成長的生產工具，而被視為可重塑地緣政治格局與國際制度規範的戰略資產與結構性權力來源。 本研究以美中科技戰中的半導體產業為分析案例，旨在探究美國選擇半導體作為科技戰主戰場的戰略考量與政策操作邏輯。透過比較美中雙方在全球半導體產業的市場地位與結構性優勢，本文指出美國因掌握先進晶片設計工具與高階製造設備等關鍵技術節點而在供應鏈上游佔據主導地位；相較之下，中國雖在成熟製程具備規模經濟與生產成本優勢，惟其在先進製程領域仍高度仰賴外部供應之核心技術與製造設備。美國遂以先進半導體製程技術為主軸發起科技封鎖，意圖延滯中國的技術自主化進程並抑制其科技進步。 本文從出口管制、投資限制與盟友協作三個面向觀察美國拜登政府在科技圍堵過程中所運用之政策工具，系統性梳理其政策重心由市場端轉向技術端的過程，展現美國科技圍堵政策的制度性演化與擴張邏輯。研究顯示，拜登政府主要透過修訂出口管制法規以強化行政部門執法權限、擴大對敏感技術和關鍵基礎設施的雙向投資審查，以及推動小多邊主義，與關鍵盟友合作提升供應鏈韌性和鞏固圍堵防線，逐步將科技戰升級為牽動全球科技產業、地緣政治與國際治理的戰略性布局。 本研究揭示美國發動科技戰不僅為回應中國在經貿、科技、地緣政治影響力等層面的上升趨勢，更試圖將自身科技優勢轉化為主導未來科技秩序與技術標準制定之權力來源。此發展凸顯美國作為霸權國家對關鍵新興技術外溢的高度重視與前瞻性部署，也預示著科技治理將成為未來國際秩序重構的重要戰場。

Since the outbreak of the U.S.-China trade war in 2018, the United States has progressively intensified its restrictions and countermeasures against China’s technological advancement. Over time, this has evolved into a coherent and strategically driven framework of technological containment. This situation has become one of the most representative examples of strategic rivalry shaped by the intersection of international power politics and technology governance in the contemporary era. As the significance of technology to national security continues to grow, advanced semiconductor products and related emerging technologies are no longer merely instruments of economic productivity. Instead, they are increasingly regarded as strategic assets and sources of structural power capable of reshaping geopolitical configurations and global institutional norms. This thesis examines the semiconductor sector as the primary battlefield in the U.S.-China tech war, aiming to explore the strategic rationale and policy logic behind the United States’ decision to target this specific industry. By comparing the structural positions and market influence of the U.S. and China within the global semiconductor industry, this study finds that the U.S. dominates the upstream segments of the supply chain through its control over critical technological nodes, including advanced chip design tools and high-end manufacturing equipment. In contrast, while China benefits from economies of scale and a cost advantage in mature-node manufacturing, it remains heavily reliant on foreign suppliers for essential technologies and fabrication tools in advanced processes. Consequently, the U.S. has initiated a technological blockade focused on advanced nodes to impede China’s pursuit of technological self-sufficiency and suppress its technological advancement. This thesis further analyzes the Biden administration’s policy instruments for the technological containment of China across three dimensions: export controls, investment restrictions, and collaboration with like-minded allies and partners. It systematically traces the shift in U.S. policy emphasis from market access to technological chokepoints, illustrating the institutional evolution and expansion of the United States’ containment policy. The findings indicate that the Biden administration has reinforced executive enforcement powers through reforms in export control regulations, expanded scrutiny of inbound and outbound investments in sensitive technologies and critical infrastructure, and pursued a minilateral approach to deepen cooperation with strategic allies and partners, improve supply chain resilience, and strengthen the containment framework. These efforts elevate the tech war into a comprehensive strategic framework that reshapes the global tech industry, geopolitical alignments, and international governance. Ultimately, this research reveals that the U.S. technological offensive serves not only as a strategic countermeasure to China’s expanding economic, technological, and national power but also as a proactive effort to institutionalize its own technological leadership as a source of power in shaping global order and establishing technological standards for the future. This development underscores the hegemon’s keen awareness and strategic foresight in managing the diffusion of critical emerging technologies, indicating that technology governance is likely to become a decisive battlefield in restructuring the international order.