我國土地使用管制及補償之研究—以禁建管制為中心

Abstract

土地之利用，除作為天然資源之攫取或農牧產品之生產基地外，另外最重要者且最常見者便屬建築之利用，惟土地常會因特定原因而被禁止為建築利用，此些原因如有因土地環境本身之天然因素所致，亦有因土地以外之因素：如為確保鄰近重要交通或軍事設施安全等原因，或如為使土地計畫或開發順利而以禁建作為配套措施。此種種禁止建築之措施即構成我國之「禁建管制」。然而，禁建管制乃限制土地或建築物所有權人之財產權與建築自由，故管制設計上如何兼顧所有權人之權益與管制所追求公益二者之平衡，誠為值得討論之課題。故本論文嘗試將涉有禁建管制之行政法規進行歸納整理，統整出其概念、類型、程序、補償機制，並以財產權之保障出發，檢討其合憲性與法規設計上之不足與問題外，亦特別借鏡特別犧牲與準徵收此二理論來討論其補償之爭議，以期完善我國現行之禁建管制之內容。

The utilization of land, aside from serving as a source of natural resource extraction or a base for agricultural and livestock production, is most commonly associated with construction. However, land is often subject to restrictions that prohibit its use for construction due to specific reasons. These reasons may stem from natural environmental factors inherent to the land itself or external factors, such as ensuring the safety of nearby critical transportation or military facilities or facilitating land planning and development through construction prohibitions as a regulatory measure. These various restrictions on construction constitute what is known in Taiwan as "construction prohibition regulations". Nevertheless, construction prohibition regulations impose limitations on the property rights and building freedoms of landowners. Thus, striking a balance between protecting landowners' rights and achieving the public interest pursued by such regulations is a crucial issue. This study aims to systematically analyze and categorize administrative regulations related to construction prohibition, elucidating their concepts, classifications, procedures, and compensation mechanisms. From the perspective of property rights protection, this research evaluates the constitutionality of these regulations, identifies deficiencies in their legal design, and examines related issues. Furthermore, it draws upon the theories of "special sacrifice" and "quasi-expropriation" to address compensation disputes, with the ultimate goal of improving the current framework of construction prohibition regulations in Taiwan.