打工行為對於大學入學及就業之影響 －以北台灣高中職學生為例

Abstract

本文欲探討台灣高中(職)學生的在學打工行為，會對其畢業後之就學或就業選擇產生何種影響，在學打工行為所帶給學生是正面的還是負面的影響一直是學界所爭議的焦點，對青少年打工抱持正面看法的人指出，在學打工的行為恰可補強學校正規教育之盲點，在打工過程之中發掘出自己真正的興趣，進而以更積極的態度面對相關科目與知識；但持反對意見的人則指出，打工行為佔用了青少年原本用以從事學業活動的時間，青少年可能因為沉迷於打工而無法專注於課業上，故以長遠的觀點來看，青少年打工行為所帶來的效果是負面。 本研究之主要目的是利用中央研究院社會學所的年度計畫－「青少年成長歷程研究」自2000年以來逐年所匯集之問卷資料以multinomial logit model和multinomial probit model分析高中(職)學生之在學打工行為、地域差異及家庭背景因素對於其日後之就學與就業選擇之影響。 研究結果顯示，對高中畢業受訪者而言，高中時期的在學打工行為與進入普通大學就讀兩者大抵上是呈負向的關係，女性受訪者選擇進入普通大學就讀的機率顯著地大於男性，而父親的受教育年數與受訪者進入大學的意願呈正向關係，只要父親的教育程度越高，其子女選擇進入普通大學就讀的機會便愈大；高中只要有過打工經驗，便會顯著的提高受訪者轉換跑道就讀科大或技術學院的機會，且男性受訪者自普通教育體系轉換至技職體系的機率，顯著較女性受訪者高，此外父親教育程度愈高，則高中畢業受訪者越不會選擇進入科大或技術學院就讀；影響高中畢業受訪者畢業後是否立即投入勞動市場的變數有打工行為及父親教育程度，高中時期的打工行為將會促其畢業後立即就業，而父親教育程度愈高，則高中畢業後投入勞動市場的機率愈低。 對高職畢業受訪者而言，若高職時期曾有打工經驗、曾經參與打工的年數愈長或來自台北市，皆會降低受訪者選擇科大或技術學院就讀的機率，此外，若受訪者父親之教育程度愈高，則會提高其選擇科大或技術學院就讀的機率；對於投入勞動市場這個選項，曾有過打工行為及愈長的參與打工年數皆會使受訪者畢業後立即就業之機率增加；若受訪者來自台北市，其日後面臨學業延遲的機率較來自其他地區的受訪者高，且愈長的打工年數亦會增加受訪者學業延遲的機會。

In this study we try to find out how part-time job experiences during secondary education period influence students’ college-employment choices. It’s controversy whether part-time job experience brings positive or negative effect toward students. Those who hold positive attitude toward teenage employment declare that students can acquire knowledge and skills that is not accessible in school and find their real interest though they would be more positive and aggressive toward their study. Those who oppose teenage employment indicate that for those students who work while in school will spend less time on their study and thus result in depression of their academic performance. So in the long run, teenage employment brings about negative effect toward students. The data source of this study is Taiwan Youth Project from Academia Sinica. Our purpose is to use TYP data collected year by year since 2000 and analyzes these data by multinomial logit model and multinomial probit model to find out how teenage employment、geographic differences and family background affect secondary students’ college-employment decisions. This study reveals that, for senior high school graduates, duration of employment during high school is negative correlated with the probability of entering general university. Female senior high school graduates is more likely to enter general university than their male counterpart; if senior high school graduates had part-time job experiences, they’ll have higher probability transferring to vocational education system and male senior high school graduates have higher probability than their female counterpart. With a higher educated father will lower probability for senior high school graduates to enter university of science and technology. With more years participation of employment during high school will raise the probability to enter labor market right after graduating from school but with a more educated father will lower such probability. For senior vocational graduates, with more years of participation of employment during senior vocational school will lower the probability to enter university of science and technology but those with a well-educated father will raise it. For the choice of entering labor market, the study discloses that the longer duration of employment during senior vocational school, the more likely to enter labor market right after graduating from school. Senior vocational graduates come from Taipei city or are with longer duration of employment during school years will both increase the probability of delaying education.