應用建築資訊模型進行混凝土建築結構元件碳排放估算

Abstract

當前，建築行業顯著地貢獻了全球碳排放，迫切需要採取可持續的實踐來減輕環境影響。本論文提出了一個模型驅動的框架，用於估算和比較三種建築方法的碳排放：傳統現澆混凝土、預製構件和3D混凝土列印（3DCP）。該研究通過整合建築信息建模（BIM）和標準化建築數據庫，特別是RSMeans（適用於MasterFormat）和TT10-2019/BXD（適用於TCVN），來應對行業的環境挑戰。

研究方法涉及詳細的工程量計算、材料估算和結構元素（如柱、梁、板和牆）的排放計算。開發了一個Revit API來自動化這些過程，提高了效率和準確性。通過分析實驗室設施和講堂的兩個案例研究，驗證了該框架並提供了比較見解。

主要發現表明，傳統現澆混凝土和預製構件方法在環境影響上大致相同。然而，碳排放的分佈有所不同，現澆混凝土施工中約87-88%的碳排放被歸類為材料排放，而在預製構件中這一比例上升到96-98.3%。造成這一轉變的主要原因是現澆混凝土施工中的模板和養護過程的碳排放被分類為過程排放，而在預製構件中，這些排放被轉移到材料排放類別，因為組件是在場外生產的。儘管3DCP因其精確性和減少材料浪費而提供了最高的材料效率和最低的碳排放，但其廣泛應用仍面臨許多障礙，如缺乏正式的法規。

本論文通過提供一個可靠的碳排放估算工具，為可持續建築實踐做出了貢獻，促進行業利益相關者的知情決策。該研究強調了制定標準化法規以支持創新技術（如3DCP）採用的重要性。未來的研究應擴展該框架，涵蓋更多的建築元素和區域變異，並納入全生命周期評估，以提供對環境影響的全面視圖。

The construction industry significantly contributes to global carbon emissions, necessitating sustainable practices to mitigate environmental impacts. This thesis presents a model-driven framework for estimating and comparing carbon emissions across three construction methods: traditional cast-in-place, prefabricated, and 3D concrete printing (3DCP). The study addresses the industry's environmental challenges by integrating Building Information Modeling (BIM) with standardized construction databases, specifically RSMeans for MasterFormat and TT10-2019/BXD for TCVN.

The methodology involves a detailed quantity takeoff, material estimation, and emissions calculation for structural elements, including columns, beams, slabs, and walls. A Revit API was developed to automate these processes, enhancing efficiency and accuracy. Two case studies, a laboratory facility and a lecture hall, were analyzed to validate the framework and provide comparative insights.

Key findings indicate that conventional cast-in-place and prefabrication methods exhibit relatively the same environmental impacts. However, the distribution of carbon emissions differs, with around 87-88% of carbon emissions in cast-in-place construction categorized as material emissions, while this percentage increases to 96-98.3% in prefabrication. A major cause of this shift is the transfer of carbon emissions from the formwork and curing processes in cast-in-place construction, classified as process emissions, to the material emissions category in prefabrication due to off-site production. Although 3DCP offers the highest material efficiency and the lowest carbon emissions due to its precision and reduced material waste, it still faces many obstacles to widespread implementation, such as the lack of official regulations.

This thesis contributes to sustainable construction practices by providing a robust tool for carbon emissions estimation, facilitating informed decision-making for industry stakeholders. The research underscores the need for standardized regulations to support the adoption of innovative technologies like 3DCP. Future studies should expand the framework to include additional construction elements and regional variations, incorporating full lifecycle assessments for a holistic view of environmental impacts.