國土計畫與都市計畫法制之成長管理機制檢討

Abstract

本文以國土計畫法之成長管理為研究對象，目的在釐清此等首次出現在我國法律當中的詞彙，究竟代表何種意義，以及將會產生何種影響。本文先從國土計畫法本身的定義切入討論，認為我國法律所設想的成長管理，應是一套體系完整且用於管理空間發展總量、型態、區位，與時程的方法與工具。

在爬梳我國都市計畫領域與法學領域，有關成長管理的重要文獻後，本文瞭解成長管理在我國最初的討論，是聚焦在「都市」的空間發展，希望控制人口成長的快慢，以此管理都市發展。國土計畫法之所以將成長管理列於其中，則是將人口成長與變化的關懷，體現於城鄉發展地區之上。因此，本文進一步爬梳國土計畫法與都市計畫法之內容，指出成長管理應是同時存在於兩部法律之中，管理我國空間發展之總量、型態、區位，與時程。只是，我國現行法制尚有些許不足之處，而有待調整。

本文回顧美國空間法制之發展，從美國聯邦商業部公布的標準城市規劃落實法與州際標準土地使用分區管制落實法，說明總體計畫與土地使用分區管制之規劃與管制功能。再以規劃與管制功能之差異與觀點，觀察成長管理在美國的應用方式。美國成長管理的發展，在不同時期發展出相異的應用方式。此等應用方式，能呼應於總體計畫之規劃功能，與土地使用分區管制之管制功能，凸顯出成長管理不同的應用特徵。此外，本文也觀察以土地使用分區管制落實成長管理時，對人民產生的影響，說明美國司法實務如何審查此等管制措施。這些成長管理的應用特徵，與司法實務的看法，便是我國所能借鑒的對象。

觀察美國成長管理的應用後，對照於國土計畫法與都市計畫法的運作，本文認為現行法制確實存在待改善之處。而美國作為成長管理之發源地，前述爬梳的各類應用方式，便是我國所能參考與調整之方向。

This essay discusses the subject of growth management in the context of the Spatial Planning Act. The aim is to clarify the meaning and the potential impacts of this term, which appear for the first time in the laws of the country. This essay begins by discussing the definition of growth management within the Spatial Planning Act itself, suggesting that the envisioned growth management in our country's legal framework should be a comprehensive system used to manage the quantity, type, location, and timing of spatial development.

After reviewing the essential papers related to growth management in the fields of urban planning and law in our country, this essay understands that the prior discussions on growth management primarily focused on spatial development in "urban" areas with the intention of controlling the pace of population growth and managing urban development accordingly. The inclusion of growth management in the Spatial Planning Act aims to address concerns about population growth and changes, and apply them to urban-rural development zones. Therefore, this essay further examines the content of the Spatial Planning Act and the Urban Planning Act, indicating that growth management should exist simultaneously in both laws to manage the overall quantity, type, location, and timing of spatial development in our country. However, the current legal framework in our country has some shortcomings that require adjustment.

This essay then reviews the development of land use planning and development law in the United States, starting from the implementation of the Standard City Planning Enabling Act and the Standard State Zoning Enabling Act by the U.S. Department of Commerce. These acts illustrate the planning and regulatory functions of comprehensive plan and zoning. By comparing the differences in planning and regulatory functions, this essay explores the applications of growth management in the United States. The development of growth management in the United States has resulted in different applications over time. These methods align with the planning function of comprehensive plan and the regulatory function of zoning. Additionally, this essay observes the impacts on people when growth management is implemented through zoning and discusses how the U.S. court reviews such regulatory measures. These application characteristics of growth management and the perspectives of judicial practices provide valuable references for our country.

After observing the applications of growth management in the United States and comparing it to the operation of the Spatial Planning Act and the Urban Planning Act, this essay acknowledges the need for improvements in the current legal framework. As the birthplace of growth management, the various applications discussed earlier serve as directions for reference and adjustment in our country.