論我國普惠金融之監理制度與政策―以保險業微型保險與金融剝削為例

Abstract

本文先行分析企業的社會角色，在追求營業利潤之外，是否需同時保障利害關係人利益之相關理論，以分析企業社會責任、ESG、永續發展與永續金融等相關概念，接續探討普惠金融倡議之核心，整理出普惠金融無論對於弱勢族群、金融機構、甚至是總體之金融體系，均有正面作用，肯認實踐普惠金融之重要性。另外，從定義可以看出，普惠金融之核心目標，大致可區分為：提升金融服務普遍性，和落實消費者權益保障，本研究續以此兩項目標作為分析之標的。 其次，筆者分析我國之金融業保險業監理方式，並研究現有之普惠金融的相關規範與政策，推論出以下結果：若以普惠金融第一層面之目標：提升金融服務普遍性而言，監理機關以強制性之法律規範或手段，有其實行上之困難，是以，現有之政策大多為提供監理誘因，鼓勵企業重視且參與普惠金融。承上，本文對保險業落實普惠金融之部分深入研究，以微型保險作為研究核心，探討微型保險與傳統保險之差異性，以及整理出相關之監理方針與挑戰，本文認為仍應以微型保險之核心目標：降低弱勢族群使用正規保險服務之門檻，廣納承保對象，作為發展微型保險市場，和因應相關風險之主軸。再者，分析我國微型保險之法規，探討諸如微型保險對於弱勢族群之明確定義，和主管機關提供監理誘因類別與實際成效，以及未來可以發展的方向。 前揭之探討，均為普惠金融第一層面目標，而第二層目標：落實消費者權益保障，本研究先探討金融剝削現象對於弱勢族群之損害，接續分析我國相關之保護法規與政策。再者，保護消費者之責任是否單獨由監理機關負擔，抑或是擴展至企業，成為公司治理文化，乃公平待客原則之分析重點。本文認為，弱勢族群與一般消費者之間，仍有本質上的差異，以及著重於其須保護性，給予其公平、合理之金融服務環境，達成普惠金融之目標。

This article first analyzes the social role of enterprises. In addition to pursuing operating profits, it also needs to protect the interests of stakeholders. Financial inclusion has a positive effect on disadvantaged groups, financial institutions, and even the overall financial system, and recognizes the importance of practicing financial inclusion. In addition, it can be seen from the definition, that the goals of “financial inclusion” can be divided into: “Improving the universality of financial services” and “Implementing the protection of consumer rights.” This study continues to use these two goals as the target of analysis. Secondly, the article analyzes the supervision methods of Taiwan’s financial industry and insurance industry, and studies the existing relevant norms and policies of financial inclusion, and deduce the following results: “In terms of the first level goal of inclusive finance, improving the universality of financial services, supervisory agencies have difficulties in implementing mandatory legal norms or means.”. Therefore, most of the existing policies provide supervisory incentives and encourage companies to pay attention to and participate in inclusive finance. This article conducts an in-depth study on the implementation of financial inclusion in the insurance industry, taking microinsurance as the core of the research, exploring the differences between microinsurance and traditional insurance, and sorting out relevant supervision policies and challenges. This article believes that micro-insurance should still be used core goals: lower the threshold for disadvantaged groups to use formal insurance services, and expand the coverage of insurance targets, as the main axis of developing the microinsurance market and responding to related risks. The previous discussions are all the first-level goals of financial inclusion, and the second-level goal is to implement the protection of consumer rights and interests. This study first explores the damage caused by financial exploitation to vulnerable groups, and then analyzes the relevant protection laws and policies in Taiwan. This article believes that there are differences between disadvantaged groups and general consumers, and special attention must be paid to their protection, providing them with a fair and reasonable financial service environment, and achieving the goal of financial inclusion.