臺灣與日本保安林制度比較研究：法律沿革與現行制度運作

Abstract

保安林是政府指定用來提供特定公共功能的森林，例如水源保護或防止土壤侵蝕。保安林制度於1897年隨著日本《森林法》的頒布而建立，並於1907年引入台灣。兩國在戰前的保安林制度有許多相似之處，然而，這些制度產生了相當大的變化。而現在，在伐木和其他活動的監管細節上有許多不同之處。 本研究旨在識別影響兩國保安林制度從二戰後至今演變的因素，並檢視其當前運作的差異。因此，這項研究主要關注保安林制度政策的變化、國有林中的保安林面積變化及其與社會經濟狀況的因果關係。文獻回顧主要使用政府文件和統計數據。基於現況運作的差異，本研究僅限於國有林，以釐清其由林業管理機構的管理，並進行了與林業管理機構的訪談和文獻回顧。 研究發現，作為林業及林業政策的一部分，保安林制度受社會經濟狀況的影響，在規範和面積上發生了變化。造成兩國當前差異的因素可能包括森林所有權類型、與侵蝕防護工程的關係以及國際關係。 此外，關於當前保安林的管理，台灣對林業作業的規範更嚴格，而對保安林解除的規範則比日本寬鬆。然而，這一制度可能是為了在比日本更強的土地使用壓力下，確保當地居民與保安林之間的和諧運作。因此，定期進行保安林調查，並需要第三方委員會的決定來審查保安林的解除。 本研究能對於亞洲地區的保安林，保護公共利益功能制度的國際比較研究領域，提供有用的資訊。

Protection forests are forests that are designated by a government to provide a specific public function, such as conservation of water sources or prevention of soil erosion. The protection forest system, which was established in 1897 with the enactment of the Forest Act in Japan, was introduced in Taiwan in 1907. There were many similarities among the pre-war protection forest systems of both countries. However, these systems have undergone considerable changes, and currently, have several differences in the regulatory details of logging and other activities. This study aimed to identify factors that influenced the evolution of protection forest systems in both countries from the post-World War II period to the present, and to examine differences in their current operations. Accordingly, this study focused mainly on changes in the policies of the protection forest system and the protection forest area in national forests, and the causal relationship with social and economic conditions. A literature review was conducted primarily using government documents and statistical data. Regarding the current operational differences, the research was limited to the national forests to clarify their management by forestry administration agencies. Accordingly, interviews with the forestry administration agencies and literature reviews were conducted. The study found that as part of forestry and forestry policies, protection forest systems have been influenced by socioeconomic conditions and have changed in regulation and area. Factors that may have caused the current differences between the two countries include the original forest ownership types, relationship with erosion control works, and international relations. In addition, regarding the current management of protection forests, Taiwan has more stringent regulations on forestry operations and laxer regulations for revocation of protection forests than Japan. However, this system is possibly operated to ensure the harmony between the local people and the protection forest under stronger land use pressure than that in Japan. Accordingly, periodic surveys of protection forests are conducted and a decision by a third-party committee is required to review the revocation of protection forests. This study will provide useful information in the field of international comparative research on systems for conservation of public interest functions of protection forests in the Asian region.