水泥基電池電容儲能元件研發之先導性研究

Abstract

為了達成2050淨零碳排的目標，必須提升再生能源在發電結構中的占比，然而由於使用再生能源進行發電上往往具有不穩定的特性，因此需要在電力系統中設置儲能系統(Energy Storage System, ESS)，在用電量少的時候儲存電力，用電量多的時候釋放電力，使非再生能源在發電結構中占比能夠下降。傳統的ESS經常使用電池作為儲能元件，不僅價格較高，也需要額外空間進行存放，在使用一定年限後的廢棄問題也是難以解決的，因此嘗試尋找其他方式進行電力儲存就成為人類面對的課題之一。 水泥是人類使用最多的原料之一，一般來說硬固後的水泥電阻極高，然而若是將碳黑、碳纖維等材料添加於水泥中，能使水泥的電阻大幅降低，作為導電介質使用。 因此本研究將探討將導電水泥基材料與儲能元件的原理進行結合的可行性，並且研究並開發儲能元件的配比、製程與實驗方式。本研究進行了兩個主要的研究方向，分別為水泥基電池與水泥基電容。在水泥基電池的部分以鎳鐵電池作為原理，結合導電水泥砂漿，開發以水泥作為導電介質的可充電電池；而在水泥基電容的部分，則是以電雙層電容作為原理，以加入碳黑、碳纖維、活性碳的導電水泥漿與電解液進行製造。 水泥基電池在進行實驗過後，發現其儲能效果不符預期，且電池構造複雜難以提升製作效率及穩定性，因此在本研究的後半段將研究重心轉往構造簡易的水泥基電容，針對電解液種類、濃度、電容尺寸、磨粉與否、碳材料添加比例進行研究，釐清上述參數與水泥基電容性能的相關性，作為未來的水泥基電容設計及研究方向之參考。

To achieve the goal of carbon neutrality by 2050, it is necessary to increase the proportion of renewable energy in power generation. However, due to the instability of renewable energy in power generation, Energy Storage Systems(ESS) need to be installed in the power system to store electricity during periods of low demand and release it during periods of high demand. This allows for a reduction in the share of non-renewable energy in power generation. Traditional ESS frequently use batteries as storage components, which are not only expensive but also require additional space for storage, and their disposal after a certain lifespan poses challenges. Therefore, finding alternative methods for electricity storage has become one of the key issues. Cement is one of the most widely used materials. Generally, hardened cement is a poor conductor of electricity. However, by adding materials such as carbon black or carbon fibers to cement, its resistance can be significantly reduced, enabling it to be used as a conductive medium. This study explores the feasibility of combining conductive cement with the theory of energy storage components, and investigates the formulation, process, and experimental methods for developing these energy storage devices. The research focuses on two main directions: cement-based batteries and cement-based capacitors. For cement-based batteries, nickel-iron batteries are used as the theory, combined with conductive cement mortar to develop a rechargeable battery. For cement-based capacitors, electric double layer capacitors are used as the theory, with conductive cement paste containing carbon black, carbon fibers, and activated carbon, along with electrolytes, being used for manufacturing. Experimental results for the cement-based battery revealed that its energy storage performance was not as expected, and the complex structure of the battery made it difficult to improve manufacturing efficiency and stability. Therefore, the latter part of this research shifts focus on the simpler-structured cement-based capacitors. The study investigates the relationship between electrolytes types and concentrations, capacitor sizes, grinding or not, and the proportion of added carbon materials. From their effects on the performance of cement-based capacitors, it can provide a reference for future cement-based capacitor design and research directions.