西南⼤西洋阿根廷魷⿂重⾦屬和有機化合物濃度的時空變化

Abstract

工業革命最顯著的影響之一是世界已開發國家環境污染物的排放。誠然，西南大西洋（SWAO）國家也貢獻了相當一部分污染物，污染了其周圍的空氣、土地和海洋。然而，由於缺乏對該地區污染的研究，SWAO區域污染物的時空變化尚未評估。 在這項研究中，我們試圖更深入了解這些污染物在SWAO 內，尤其是阿根廷東部和福克蘭群島北部的時間分佈（2019 年至2021 年（新冠疫情封鎖前至新冠封鎖後）和空間分佈（2019 年和2021 年5 個地點，2020 年4 個地點）。此外，透過調查可食用的阿根廷魷魚其組織內污染物的空間和時間模式，確認其是否對人類有任何潛在危害。 為了實現這些目標，我們使用阿根廷魷魚作為生物指標，對每年二月至四月捕獲的魷魚的肝臟、胃、肌肉和墨囊組織進行污染物檢測。結果顯示，2021 年重金屬總濃度平均值（mg/kg/dw）最高（75.50），其次是 2019 年（74.10）和 2020 年（54.03 mg/kg）。至於小分子化合物，2019 年的總平均值最高（495.79），其次是 2020 年（5.33）和 2021 年（2.42）。整體而言，在空間變化上，污染物在緯度分佈上沒有觀察到顯著的差異。在重金屬中沒有觀察到時間或組織特異性模式。儘管如此，PCA 分析顯示 2019 年和 2021 年肝臟、胃和肌肉組織中小分子的時間分離度較高。對於空間或組織特異性模式，PCA 顯示2021 年肝組織重金屬的21 區和其他區域之間存在一定程度的分離，2020 年小分子的PCA 則顯示樣區60、65 和66 區之間存在一定程度的分離。此外，在所有組織中，肝臟組織的重金屬和有機化合物濃度最高。關於阿根廷魷魚肌肉消耗的危害商數（HQ）值顯示，2019 年，台灣和阿根廷的 Cu、Ni 和 Zn，台灣的 Pb，Cd、Cu、Ni、Tl； 2020年台灣和阿根廷的鐵、鎘、銅、鎳和鋅，以及2021年台灣和阿根廷的鐵、鎘、銅、鎳和鋅，對阿根廷和台灣廣大民眾的健康構成威脅。而除2021年台灣毒死蜱(Chlorpyrifos)外的小分子HQ值均低於1，顯示除了2021年台灣毒死蜱外，大多數化合物對這些國家的一般人群沒有構成任何威脅。總體而言，我的研究結果表明，與小分子相比，SWAO 內新興污染物的流行情況對於重金屬來說變得更加嚴重，並且需要對該地區乃至全球的行業進行適當的監管和嚴格的監控，以幫助保護海洋生物並提高海洋食品安全。

One of the most noticeable impacts of the Industrial Revolution is the emission of environmental pollutants from developed countries all over the world. Admittedly, the countries in the Southwest Atlantic Ocean (SWAO) have contributed their fair share of pollutants that have contaminated their surrounding air, land, and oceans. However, due to the lack of research on pollution in this region, the spatial and temporal variation in pollutants across the SWAO have yet to be evaluated. In this study, we sought to better understand the distribution of these pollutants temporally, from 2019 to 2021 (pre-COVID lockdown to after-COVID lockdown), spatially (5 locations in 2019 and 2021, 4 locations in 2020), within the SWAO, east of Argentina and north of the Falkland Islands. Also, to check for any general spatial and temporal patterns of the tissue-related pollutants, and to determine if there is any potential harm to humans from consuming Illex argentinus. In pursuit of these objectives, using Illex argentinus as a bio-indicator, the liver, stomach, muscle, and inksac tissues of the squids, caught between February and April of each year, were tested for pollutants. The results showed that 2021 had the highest mean (mg/kg/dw) for total heavy metal concentrations (75.50) followed by 2019 (74.10) and then 2020 (54.03 mg/kg). As for small molecules, 2019 had the highest total mean (495.79) followed by 2020 (5.33) and then 2021 (2.42). For spatial variation, no meaningful patterns were observed latitudinally for heavy metals and small molecules. No temporal or tissue-specific patterns were observed in heavy metals. Nonetheless, PCA revealed high temporal separation in 2019 and 2021 for the liver, stomach, and muscle tissue for small molecules. For spatial or tissue-specific patterns, PCA showed some degree of separation between Area 21 and other areas in 2021 for the liver tissue for heavy metals, and between Areas 60, 65, and 66 in 2020 for small molecules. In addition, the liver tissue had the highest concentration, of all tissues, for both heavy metal and organic compound concentrations. The hazard quotient (HQ) values, with regards to the consumption of Illex argentinus’, muscle, showed that Cd for Taiwan, Cu, Ni, and Zn for Taiwan and Argentina in 2019, Pb for Taiwan, Cd, Cu, Ni, Tl, and Zn for Taiwan and Argentina in 2020, and Fe for Taiwan, Cd, Cu, Ni, and Zn for Taiwan and Argentina in 2021 posed a threat to the health of the general populations of Argentina and Taiwan. Whereas the HQ values for small molecules, except Chlorpyrifos for Taiwan in 2021, were all below 1 indicating that most of the compounds, except Chlorpyrifos for Taiwan in 2021, didn’t pose any threat to the general populations of these countries. Overall, my findings illustrate that the prevalence of emerging pollutants within the SWAO is getting more serious for heavy metals as compared to small molecules and that proper regulations and rigorous monitoring of the industries within the region, and globally, are required to help protect marine life and improve marine food safety.