「自由」的時間： 一個對當代靠海生活技藝的民族誌研究

Abstract

在鄉村空洞化的趨勢下，位處雲林西南的靠海村是個特例，這裡仍有不少青年人從事漁業工作，並且人們經常以時間自主安排的「自由」來說明自己生活於此的選擇。為了理解漁民如何能「自由」地安居於此，我從漁民與海洋的互動開始，以能供性（affordance）理解海洋如何在「去海」（khì-hái）過程中透過經驗與各種漁具漁法、漁船、養蚵方式為人所用的過程，並說明漁民之所以能自主安排工作時間，是因為「去海」的世界時間並不等同於海洋的物質時間，而是漁民帶著創造價值的意圖與所具有的生產工具，創造性地測繪（mapping）的世界時間（world-time）。另一方面，為了探討「自由」在自主安排工作時間的表述下更豐富的意涵，我進一步分別透過漁民對於水產和沙的創造性利用，關注漁民如何與（一般習稱的）社會世界與自然世界交涉，並指出漁民所謂「自由」的生活樣態不只是工作時間自主安排，還是能在創造收入的同時保持生活的餘裕，以及在與環境流變的「對拍」（attunement）中萌生的對自主性的肯定。

Kaohai Village, a fishing village located in southwest Yunlin, seems to be a special case in the trend of rural exodus, for there are still many young people living here, engaging in fishing work. People often explain their choice of living here with the word "freedom", referring to the autonomy of arranging their own time. To understand how fishermen can live here freely, I start with the interaction between fishermen and the sea. I use the concept of affordance to understand how the sea becomes meaningful through their working experience and the use of various tools such as fishing gears, fishing methods, fishing boats, and the methods of oyster aquaculture, arguing that the reason why fishermen can arrange their working time by themselves is because the time they used to arrange everyday live is not equivalent to the material time of the sea, but the world-time that emerges through fishermen’s mapping practice. I further focus on how people interact with the social and natural world through their creative interaction with aquatic products and sand to explore the so-called "freedom" in depth. In sum, I point out that living with "freedom" means not only the ability to arrange working time, but also the possibility to maintain a leisurely life, and the recognition of the autonomy of self through attunement to the volatile environment.