國家之患莫大於乏人—— 論范仲淹育才、取才的理論與實踐

Abstract

本論文以范仲淹（989-1052）為研究對象，旨在探討范仲淹的人才認知，以及他於育才、取才兩方面的理念與實踐。

在「與士大夫治天下」的北宋政體中，文人獲得了相較過往更高的朝政地位，於此結構下，范仲淹表明「以天下為己任」之壯志。外在環境與內在心性的雙重作用，使范仲淹成為北宋典範人物，有過諸多為人樂道之經歷，而他所領導的慶曆興學亦為宋代三大興學之一。范仲淹所為與時代、個人關係密切，本文第二章、第三章從北宋的文政特徵及其家世、經歷著手，闡明范仲淹所處之環境，並藉此探究他何以如此重視教育。第四章與第五章則著重論述范仲淹的育才與取才經歷，其中相關論述不免涉及與范仲淹同一時期之其他文人，這些文人與范仲淹有著相似的教育理念，並為了共同見解一起努力，而最終也一同於慶曆興學中大展身手。

在了解范仲淹的人才養成歷程後，吾人能更理解其所作所為呈現之價值，並且能夠體會宋代何以表現「人才之盛」特色，同時亦能領會當北宋發展至真、仁兩朝內憂外患接踵而來之際，范仲淹等慶曆學者，如何透過教育翻轉國家情勢。

This paper focuses on Fan Zhongyan (989-1052) and aims to explore his perception of talent, as well as his theories and practices in cultivating and recruiting talent.

In the political structure of the Northern Song Dynasty, where the literati held higher political status than before, Fan Zhongyan demonstrated a grand ambition of "taking the world as his responsibility." (以天下為己任)The dual influence of the external environment and his inner character made Fan Zhongyan an exemplary figure of the Northern Song, with numerous well-regarded achievements, including the Qingli School Reform(慶曆興學), which was one of the three major educational reforms of the Song Dynasty. Fan Zhongyan's actions were closely related to the times and his personal background. Chapters 2 and 3 of this paper start from the political characteristics of the Northern Song and his family background and experiences, elucidating the environment Fan Zhongyan was in and exploring why he placed such importance on education. Chapters 4 and 5 focus on Fan Zhongyan's experiences in cultivating and recruiting talent. The discussion inevitably involves other literati of the same period who shared similar educational philosophies and worked together towards common goals, ultimately showcasing their talents in the Qingli School Reform.

By understanding Fan Zhongyan's talent cultivation process, we can better appreciate the values embodied in his actions and understand why the Song Dynasty was characterized by an abundance of talent. Moreover, we can grasp how, during the internal and external crises of the reigns of Emperor Renzong and Emperor Yingzong, Fan Zhongyan and other Qingli scholars attempted to transform the national situation through education.