國際人權公約於體育運動領域之適用—兼論臺灣實踐

Abstract

國際人權公約規範本身以及基於公約架構下聯合國及國際社會發展出之具體人權實踐建議及行動，有不少論及體育運動領域中之人權保障議題。面對體育運動領域中許許多多的人權侵害議題，國際社會、台灣政府及台灣社會應當如何善用國際人權公約解決相關問題，便是值得研究的主題。從而，本文針對台灣已經內國法化的六大聯合國核心人權公約：「公民與政治權利國際公約」、「經濟社會文化權利國際公約」、「消除對婦女一切形式歧視公約」、「兒童權利公約」、「身心障礙者權利公約」以及「消除一切形式種族歧視國際公約」，討論體育運動領域中如何適用該等國際人權公約，並檢視及反思台灣體育運動環境適用國際人權公約之情形。 本文首先於第貳章分析整理上開六大核心國際人權公約於規範面與體育運動領域之連結，並探討該等規範於國際社會實際運用的狀況。再來，有鑑於體育運動領域中人權實踐之難處之一就是「運動自治」築起之高牆，而導致國家政府難以介入監督，受侵害之權利主體也不好對外尋求救濟管道，故而本文於第叁章探討身為私部門之體育運動組織及團體有無受到人權法律拘束之必要及可能，以及如何遵守及共同保護人權法律保障基本權利之意旨。第肆章則回歸台灣自身之實踐狀況進行討論，最後於結論進一步整理出本文對於體育運動社會於實踐國際人權公約保障人權意旨之建議。

The international human rights conventions and the human rights practices, policies, and action plans developed within the framework of the conventions have addressed numerous human rights issues in the field of sports. This thesis aims to research how the international community, the Taiwanese government, and domestic society have implemented international human rights conventions to protect human rights in the field of sports. The focuses are placed on the six core international human rights conventions: ICERD, ICCPR, ICESCR, CEDAW, CRC, and CRPD, investigating how these international human rights conventions can be and should be applied in the field of sports. In Chapter 2, The thesis analyzes the connection between the normative aspects of the international human rights conventions and the field of sports and discusses how the conventions are implemented within the field of sports. Chapter 3 discusses the applications of international human rights treaties in private sectors, as sports organizations usually are private entities and many human rights violations are from non-state actors. Chapter 4 discusses the status and application of international human rights conventions in Taiwan’s sports field, and aims to help Taiwan’s government and society review and reflect on the application of international human rights in the field of sports. Finally, this thesis concludes by advocating for more proactively applying international human rights conventions when it comes to addressing human rights issues in the field of sports.