論台灣民族的新憲法–以政府體制、地方制度、原住民族為核心

Abstract

台灣民族是一個自古便居於台灣的海洋民族，在大航海時代開始後，被荷蘭東印度公司帶上世界的舞台。在經歷過荷蘭、明鄭、滿清、日本和兩蔣殖民後，有著與東亞大陸不同的社會發展和歷史經驗。今日的台灣民族由南島語族與移民混血的後代所組成，只要主觀認同台灣，皆是台灣民族的一分子。客觀上對海峽戰爭防衛有貢獻事實之人，更是台灣民族的核心成員。 在1956年，台灣共和國臨時憲法被起草推出 ，是第一部以台灣為名的憲法，也是台灣現代史上出現的第一個以中國為其直接對立面的台灣民族主義論述 。與1946年制訂的中華民國憲法和1954年公布施行的中華人民共和國憲法相比，三者的誕生時間相差不到十年。這三部憲法的背後象徵著台灣民族、小中華民族和大中華民族，本文會著重討論台灣民族的憲法和其實質內容。 本論文共有6章，第1章導論會先闡明問題意識、回顧過去20部台灣新憲法以及提出研究方法和範圍。第2章先討論族群與民族的分別，再來個別闡述中華民族、漢族和台灣民族的歷史與定義，最後分析比較過去各個版本新憲法對族群、民族和國族的主張。第3章著重在政府體制的討論：國會內閣制和總統制的優劣、過去版本新憲法對政府體制的選擇和本論文之主張。第4章一開始先敘述地方自治理論，接著檢視過去版本新憲法對地方制度的設計，最後提出本文的看法。第5章則是描述從大航海時代開始原住民這四百年的變遷，各個版本對原住民關係的規定，並以紐西蘭毛利人的發展和制度作為比較。最後再提出本文建議的雙生仔自治模式、國會席次和南島法院。第6章結論統整了本文所有的分析和論點，並在後記保留了另一種可能性。

Taiwan nation is an oceanic nation living in Taiwan since ancient times. We were brought to the world by the Dutch East India Company after the Age of Discovery begins. Under colonization of the Dutch, Tungning, Qing Dynasty, Japan, and the Kuomintang, we have different societal development and historical experience compared to mainland China. Taiwan nation comprises descendants of Austronesian and immigrants. As long as one subjectively identifies with Taiwan, they are considered members of Taiwan nation. Those objectively contributing to the defense during the Strait War are considered core members of Taiwan nation. In 1956, the Secretary-General drafted the Taiwan Republic Temporary Constitution, and Wenyi Liao served as the President, marking it the first constitution bearing the name Taiwan. It also represented the first nationalist discourse of Taiwan in modern history directly opposing China. Compared to the constitutions of R.O.C. in 1946 and the P.R.C. in 1954, these three constitutions emerged within a span of less than ten years. Symbolically, these three constitutions represent the Taiwanese nation, the small Chinese nation, and the Big Chinese nation. This paper will focus on the constitution of the Taiwan nation and its substantive content. This thesis comprises six chapters. The first chapter, the introduction, elucidates the problem awareness, reviews the past 20 new constitutions of Taiwan, and presents the research methods and scope. The second chapter discusses the differentiation between ethnic groups and nationalities. It elaborates on the history and definitions of the Chinese nation, Han nation, and Taiwan nation, followed by an analysis comparing the past versions of new constitutions'' propositions regarding ethnic groups, nationalities, and nations. The third chapter emphasizes the discussion of government systems: the pros and cons of parliamentary cabinet systems and presidential systems, the choices of government systems in past versions of new constitutions, and the propositions of this thesis. The fourth chapter initially discusses theories of local autonomy, examines the designs of past versions of new constitutions regarding local systems, and finally presents the views of this paper. The fifth chapter describes the four centuries of changes among the indigenous people since the Age of Discovery, provisions in various versions regarding indigenous relationships, and a comparison using the development and systems of the Maori people in New Zealand. Lastly, it proposes the Twin Autonomous Model, indigenous parliamentary seats, and the Austronesian Court. The sixth chapter concludes by integrating all analyses and arguments, while another possibility is retained in the postscript.