聚落中的我群與他群：以大武窟部落劃設傳統領域為例

Abstract

本研究採質性研究方法，以臺東金崙村的排灣族部落－大武窟部落 (tjavuqel)為個案，描述其執行劃設傳統領域計畫的經過，探討一個多部落所形成的聚落，受其參與劃設傳統領域計畫的影響，討論傳統領域定義的流變，及作圖的方法與工具，並回饋建議劃設工作的操作。 研究結果顯示，劃設傳統領域的確讓原本與其他部落混居於金崙村的大武窟部落，重新找回了過去傳統的社會制度、祭儀文化與歷史故事，尋回部落人群的認同。但是，大武窟部落已非過去族人的自治單元，早已在歷史變遷中，與其他部落合併為一個聚落，傳統領域的劃設也導致「聚落的分裂」。 雖然劃設傳統領域使用強調「參與」的參與式作圖 (participatory mapping) 與公眾參與地理資訊系統 (Public Participatory Geographic Information System)；然而部落耆老們參與繪製劃設的領域，卻須與原保地的所有權族人協商與詮釋，根本無法落實與操作傳統領域相關事宜。此顯示傳統領域需要正視現代化國家體制與私有產權的影響。 本研究建議，多部落混居的聚落或可將傳統領域劃設工作分為兩個階段進行。在第一階段時，由各部落透過訪談耆老繪製傳統領域；第二階段則由聚落 (村落) 統合處理，找出所有權族人，以應對現有的生活社會與關係。

Taking the tjavuqel tribe, a Paiwan tribe in Jinlun Village of Taitung, as a case study, this study adopts a qualitative research approach to describe its implementation of the traditional territories mapping project, to explore the impacts of the project on a settlement composed of multiple tribes, to discuss the development and change for the definition of the traditional territory in Taiwan, and to have reflections and feedback to the policy and mapping work. The results of the study showed that mapping the traditional territories did recover the traditional social system, ritual culture, and historical stories, and rebuild the self-identity of the tjavuqel people. However, it was also observed that the tjavuqel tribe was no longer an autonomous unit but has been merged with other tribes into one settlement. Therefore, the mapping project has directly caused split of the settlement. Though empathizing participation for the participatory mapping and public participation geographic information system adopted by the project, it needed negotiate and interpret with private landowners of indigenous reserves for the traditional territories mapped by the tribe elders in the project. This made difficult to practice those relevant to the traditional territories, which revealed the strong influence by modern state and private property instittutions. This study suggested that it might be better to have two stages for the mapping project of traditional territories in a multi-tribal settlement. In the first stage, the tribe invited elders to map the traditional territories; and in the second stage, it needed identify all right-holders in the settlement (village), to deal with the existing life and social relations.