請用此 Handle URI 來引用此文件:
http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/89965
完整後設資料紀錄
DC 欄位 | 值 | 語言 |
---|---|---|
dc.contributor.advisor | 林招松 | zh_TW |
dc.contributor.advisor | Chao-Sung Lin | en |
dc.contributor.author | 吳亞唐 | zh_TW |
dc.contributor.author | Ya-Tang Wu | en |
dc.date.accessioned | 2023-09-22T16:51:53Z | - |
dc.date.available | 2023-11-09 | - |
dc.date.copyright | 2023-09-22 | - |
dc.date.issued | 2023 | - |
dc.date.submitted | 2023-08-11 | - |
dc.identifier.citation | H. Kodama, "Automatic method for fabricating a three‐dimensional plastic model with photo‐hardening polymer," Review of scientific instruments, vol. 52, no. 11, pp. 1770-1773, 1981.
C. W. Hull, "The birth of 3D printing," Research-Technology Management, vol. 58, no. 6, pp. 25-30, 2015. G. Liu et al., "Additive manufacturing of structural materials," Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports, vol. 145, p. 100596, 2021. W. W. Wroe, "Improvements and effects of thermal history on mechanical properties for polymer selective laser sintering (SLS)," 2015. J.-P. Kruth, X. Wang, T. Laoui, and L. Froyen, "Lasers and materials in selective laser sintering," Assembly Automation, vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 357-371, 2003. D. Popescu, A. Zapciu, C. Amza, F. Baciu, and R. Marinescu, "FDM process parameters influence over the mechanical properties of polymer specimens: A review," Polymer Testing, vol. 69, pp. 157-166, 2018. Y.-a. Jin, H. Li, Y. He, and J.-z. Fu, "Quantitative analysis of surface profile in fused deposition modelling," Additive Manufacturing, vol. 8, pp. 142-148, 2015. C. Y. Yap et al., "Review of selective laser melting: Materials and applications," Applied physics reviews, vol. 2, no. 4, p. 041101, 2015. Y. Liu, Y. Yang, S. Mai, D. Wang, and C. Song, "Investigation into spatter behavior during selective laser melting of AISI 316L stainless steel powder," Materials & Design, vol. 87, pp. 797-806, 2015. N. T. Aboulkhair, M. Simonelli, L. Parry, I. Ashcroft, C. Tuck, and R. Hague, "3D printing of Aluminium alloys: Additive Manufacturing of Aluminium alloys using selective laser melting," Progress in materials science, vol. 106, p. 100578, 2019. J. Zhang, B. Song, Q. Wei, D. Bourell, and Y. Shi, "A review of selective laser melting of aluminum alloys: Processing, microstructure, property and developing trends," Journal of Materials Science & Technology, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 270-284, 2019. K. Munir, A. Biesiekierski, C. Wen, and Y. Li, "Selective laser melting in biomedical manufacturing," Metallic biomaterials processing and medical device manufacturing, pp. 235-269, 2020. N. T. Aboulkhair, N. M. Everitt, I. Ashcroft, and C. Tuck, "Reducing porosity in AlSi10Mg parts processed by selective laser melting," Additive manufacturing, vol. 1, pp. 77-86, 2014. D. D. Gu, W. Meiners, K. Wissenbach, and R. Poprawe, "Laser additive manufacturing of metallic components: materials, processes and mechanisms," International materials reviews, vol. 57, no. 3, pp. 133-164, 2012. M. Peel, A. Steuwer, M. Preuss, and P. Withers, "Microstructure, mechanical properties and residual stresses as a function of welding speed in aluminium AA5083 friction stir welds," Acta materialia, vol. 51, no. 16, pp. 4791-4801, 2003. Q. Shi, D. Gu, M. Xia, S. Cao, and T. Rong, "Effects of laser processing parameters on thermal behavior and melting/solidification mechanism during selective laser melting of TiC/Inconel 718 composites," Optics & Laser Technology, vol. 84, pp. 9-22, 2016. H. Kyogoku, K. Yamamoto, T. T. Ikeshoji, K. Nakamura, and M. Yonehara, "Melting and solidification behavior of high-strength aluminum alloy during selective laser melting," in Materials Science Forum, 2019, vol. 941: Trans Tech Publ, pp. 1300-1305. M. Gäumann, S. Henry, F. Cléton, J.-D. Wagnière, and W. Kurz, "Epitaxial laser metal forming: analysis of microstructure formation," Materials Science and Engineering: A, vol. 271, no. 1-2, pp. 232-241, 1999. G. Cam and S. Mistikoglu, "Recent developments in friction stir welding of Al-alloys," Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, vol. 23, pp. 1936-1953, 2014. W.-C. Huang et al., "Microstructure-controllable laser additive manufacturing process for metal products," Physics Procedia, vol. 56, pp. 58-63, 2014. F. Hengzhi and G. Xingguo, "Characteristics of S/L interface evolution during high rate directional solidification," Journal of Materials Sciences and Technology, vol. 17, no. 03, p. 299, 2001. S. Guo, "Solidification behavior of spray deposited Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloys and their microstructural evolution during thermal processing," PhD's degree dissertation Harbin Institute of Technology, 2011. S. L. Sing, J. An, W. Y. Yeong, and F. E. Wiria, "Laser and electron‐beam powder‐bed additive manufacturing of metallic implants: A review on processes, materials and designs," Journal of Orthopaedic Research, vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 369-385, 2016. Q. Zhang, H. Xue, Q. Tang, S. Pan, M. Rettenmayr, and M. Zhu, "Microstructural evolution during temperature gradient zone melting: Cellular automaton simulation and experiment," Computational Materials Science, vol. 146, pp. 204-212, 2018. K. Prashanth and J. Eckert, "Formation of metastable cellular microstructures in selective laser melted alloys," Journal of Alloys and Compounds, vol. 707, pp. 27-34, 2017. Y. Liu, Z. Liu, Y. Jiang, G. Wang, Y. Yang, and L. Zhang, "Gradient in microstructure and mechanical property of selective laser melted AlSi10Mg," Journal of Alloys and Compounds, vol. 735, pp. 1414-1421, 2018. S. Liu, H. Zhu, G. Peng, J. Yin, and X. Zeng, "Microstructure prediction of selective laser melting AlSi10Mg using finite element analysis," Materials & Design, vol. 142, pp. 319-328, 2018. G. Sander et al., "Corrosion of additively manufactured alloys: a review," Corrosion, vol. 74, no. 12, pp. 1318-1350, 2018. D. L. Bourell, "Selective laser sintering of metals and ceramics," Int. J. Powder Met., vol. 28, no. 4, p. 369, 1992. W.-H. Wu, Y.-Q. Yang, and D. Wang, "Balling phenomenon in selective laser melting process," Journal of South China University of Technology, vol. 38, no. 5, pp. 110-115, 2010. M. Shiomi, K. Osakada, K. Nakamura, T. Yamashita, and F. Abe, "Residual stress within metallic model made by selective laser melting process," Cirp Annals, vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 195-198, 2004. X. Shi, S. Ma, C. Liu, and Q. Wu, "Parameter optimization for Ti-47Al-2Cr-2Nb in selective laser melting based on geometric characteristics of single scan tracks," Optics & Laser Technology, vol. 90, pp. 71-79, 2017. J. Yang et al., "Role of molten pool mode on formability, microstructure and mechanical properties of selective laser melted Ti-6Al-4V alloy," Materials & Design, vol. 110, pp. 558-570, 2016. B. Song, S. Dong, H. Liao, and C. Coddet, "Morphology evolution mechanism of single tracks of FeAl intermetallics in selective laser melting," Materials Research Innovations, vol. 16, no. 5, pp. 321-325, 2012. E. Yasa and J.-P. Kruth, "Microstructural investigation of Selective Laser Melting 316L stainless steel parts exposed to laser re-melting," Procedia Engineering, vol. 19, pp. 389-395, 2011. I. Yadroitsev, P. Krakhmalev, I. Yadroitsava, S. Johansson, and I. Smurov, "Energy input effect on morphology and microstructure of selective laser melting single track from metallic powder," Journal of Materials Processing Technology, vol. 213, no. 4, pp. 606-613, 2013. T. Wang, S. Dai, H. Liao, and H. Zhu, "Pores and the formation mechanisms of SLMed AlSi10Mg," Rapid Prototyping Journal, vol. 26, no. 9, pp. 1657-1664, 2020. E. Louvis, P. Fox, and C. J. Sutcliffe, "Selective laser melting of aluminium components," Journal of Materials Processing Technology, vol. 211, no. 2, pp. 275-284, 2011. C. Zhang et al., "A comparison between laser and TIG welding of selective laser melted AlSi10Mg," Optics & Laser Technology, vol. 120, p. 105696, 2019. A. A. Martin et al., "Dynamics of pore formation during laser powder bed fusion additive manufacturing," Nature communications, vol. 10, no. 1, p. 1987, 2019. J. Yin et al., "High-power laser-matter interaction during laser powder bed fusion," Additive Manufacturing, vol. 29, p. 100778, 2019. W. E. King et al., "Observation of keyhole-mode laser melting in laser powder-bed fusion additive manufacturing," Journal of Materials Processing Technology, vol. 214, no. 12, pp. 2915-2925, 2014. M. Xia, D. Gu, G. Yu, D. Dai, H. Chen, and Q. Shi, "Porosity evolution and its thermodynamic mechanism of randomly packed powder-bed during selective laser melting of Inconel 718 alloy," International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, vol. 116, pp. 96-106, 2017. M. Simonelli et al., "A study on the laser spatter and the oxidation reactions during selective laser melting of 316L stainless steel, Al-Si10-Mg, and Ti-6Al-4V," Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, vol. 46, pp. 3842-3851, 2015. C. Weingarten, D. Buchbinder, N. Pirch, W. Meiners, K. Wissenbach, and R. Poprawe, "Formation and reduction of hydrogen porosity during selective laser melting of AlSi10Mg," Journal of Materials Processing Technology, vol. 221, pp. 112-120, 2015. E. Brandl, U. Heckenberger, V. Holzinger, and D. Buchbinder, "Additive manufactured AlSi10Mg samples using Selective Laser Melting (SLM): Microstructure, high cycle fatigue, and fracture behavior," Materials & Design, vol. 34, pp. 159-169, 2012. E. J. Lavernia, J. Ayers, and T. S. Srivatsan, "Rapid solidification processing with specific application to aluminium alloys," International materials reviews, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 1-44, 1992. W. Steen, "Laser material processing—an overview," Journal of optics a: pure and applied optics, vol. 5, no. 4, p. S3, 2003. B. A. Fulcher, D. K. Leigh, and T. J. Watt, "Comparison of AlSi10Mg and Al 6061 processed through DMLS," in 2014 International Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium, 2014: University of Texas at Austin. A. Handbook, "Heat treating, vol. 4," ASM International, Materials Park, OH, vol. 860, 1991. F. Alghamdi and M. Haghshenas, "Microstructural and small-scale characterization of additive manufactured AlSi10Mg alloy," SN Applied Sciences, vol. 1, pp. 1-10, 2019. M. Rafieazad, M. Mohammadi, and A. M. Nasiri, "On microstructure and early stage corrosion performance of heat treated direct metal laser sintered AlSi10Mg," Additive Manufacturing, vol. 28, pp. 107-119, 2019. L. Thijs, K. Kempen, J.-P. Kruth, and J. Van Humbeeck, "Fine-structured aluminium products with controllable texture by selective laser melting of pre-alloyed AlSi10Mg powder," Acta Materialia, vol. 61, no. 5, pp. 1809-1819, 2013. L. Zhou, A. Mehta, E. Schulz, B. McWilliams, K. Cho, and Y. Sohn, "Microstructure, precipitates and hardness of selectively laser melted AlSi10Mg alloy before and after heat treatment," Materials Characterization, vol. 143, pp. 5-17, 2018. E. McCafferty, Introduction to corrosion science. Springer Science & Business Media, 2010. M. POURBEIX, "Atlas of electrochemical equilibria in aqueous solution," Corrosion Science, vol. 10, p. 343, 1966. R. I. Revilla, D. Verkens, T. Rubben, and I. De Graeve, "Corrosion and corrosion protection of additively manufactured aluminium alloys—A critical review," Materials, vol. 13, no. 21, p. 4804, 2020. N. N. Kumbhar and A. Mulay, "Post processing methods used to improve surface finish of products which are manufactured by additive manufacturing technologies: a review," Journal of The Institution of Engineers (India): Series C, vol. 99, pp. 481-487, 2018. R. I. Revilla, J. Liang, S. Godet, and I. De Graeve, "Local corrosion behavior of additive manufactured AlSiMg alloy assessed by SEM and SKPFM," Journal of The Electrochemical Society, vol. 164, no. 2, p. C27, 2016. M. Cabrini et al., "Corrosion behavior of AlSi10Mg alloy produced by laser powder bed fusion under chloride exposure," Corrosion Science, vol. 152, pp. 101-108, 2019. M. Cabrini et al., "Corrosion behavior of aluminum-silicon alloys obtained by Direct Metal Laser Sintering," in EUROCORR 2017-The Annual Congress of the European Federation of Corrosion, 20th International Corrosion Congress and Process Safety Congress 2017, 2017: Asociace koroznich inzenyru zs-AKI-Czech Association of Corrosion Engineers. P. Fathi, M. Rafieazad, X. Duan, M. Mohammadi, and A. Nasiri, "On microstructure and corrosion behaviour of AlSi10Mg alloy with low surface roughness fabricated by direct metal laser sintering," Corrosion Science, vol. 157, pp. 126-145, 2019. M. Cabrini et al., "Corrosion resistance in chloride solution of the AlSi10Mg alloy obtained by means of LPBF," Surface and Interface Analysis, vol. 51, no. 12, pp. 1159-1164, 2019. T. Rubben, R. I. Revilla, and I. De Graeve, "Influence of heat treatments on the corrosion mechanism of additive manufactured AlSi10Mg," Corrosion Science, vol. 147, pp. 406-415, 2019. G. W. Kubacki, J. P. Brownhill, and R. G. Kelly, "Comparison of atmospheric corrosion of additively manufactured and cast Al-10Si-Mg over a range of heat treatments," Corrosion, vol. 75, no. 12, pp. 1527-1540, 2019. R. I. Revilla and I. De Graeve, "Influence of Si content on the microstructure and corrosion behavior of additive manufactured Al-Si alloys," Journal of The Electrochemical Society, vol. 165, no. 13, p. C926, 2018. X.-H. Gu, J.-X. Zhang, X.-L. Fan, and L.-C. Zhang, "Corrosion behavior of selective laser melted AlSi10Mg alloy in NaCl solution and its dependence on heat treatment," Acta Metallurgica Sinica (English Letters), vol. 33, pp. 327-337, 2020. M. Rafieazad, A. Chatterjee, and A. Nasiri, "Effects of recycled powder on solidification defects, microstructure, and corrosion properties of DMLS fabricated AlSi10Mg," Jom, vol. 71, pp. 3241-3252, 2019. R. I. Revilla, C. A. Rybin, and I. De Graeve, "On the Zr electrochemical conversion of additively manufactured AlSi10Mg: The role of the microstructure," Journal of The Electrochemical Society, vol. 168, no. 12, p. 121502, 2021. M. Cabrini et al., "Corrosion resistance of direct metal laser sintering AlSiMg alloy," Surface and Interface Analysis, vol. 48, no. 8, pp. 818-826, 2016. R. M. Gouveia, F. J. Silva, E. Atzeni, D. Sormaz, J. L. Alves, and A. B. Pereira, "Effect of scan strategies and use of support structures on surface quality and hardness of L-PBF AlSi10Mg parts," Materials, vol. 13, no. 10, p. 2248, 2020. | - |
dc.identifier.uri | http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/89965 | - |
dc.description.abstract | 積層製造製程,如選擇性雷射燒熔或熔融沉積成形,能夠製造具有前所未有的超高自由度的任意三維結構,被稱為新工業革命的技術,為科學和工業領域開拓了一系列潛在的應用,許多行業也正在使用積層製造技術來製造複雜結構,以實現輕量化、增加功能性和減少零件數量等目標,也能在降低成本和設計到製造時間方面滿足需求。鋁合金是選擇性雷射燒熔研究中受到關注的主要材料之一,其所能應用的環境和適用的表面處理也是需要多加研究的。
本研究主要在探討選擇性雷射燒熔之AlSi10Mg經腐蝕測試後,是否化成處理會對材料的微結構或是電化學分析有實質上的腐蝕行為差異,利用如SEM影像分析、橫截面TEM觀察以及動電位極化曲線等來研究並討論。在SEM影像中發現選擇性雷射燒熔之AlSi10Mg有相當獨特和尺寸極細的胞狀結構,並且看到為數不少的含鐵二次相,在6小時的氯化鈉溶液腐蝕測試中,發現此類含鐵二次相會和鋁基地引發伽凡尼效應,產生局部陰陽極,導致伽凡尼腐蝕的發生,鋁基地作為局部陽極受到嚴重腐蝕攻擊,大量鋁基地溶解,此一現象可能讓AlSi10Mg的結構產生裂紋,若裂紋持續擴大或增長,可能對AlSi10Mg材料的性能有不少的影響。 本實驗用0.1 M之過錳酸鉀來進行化成處理,希望能改善AlSi10Mg的抗腐蝕能力,結果顯示經過化成後,在原先含鐵的二次相上會生成膜層,且再經相同時間的腐蝕測試後,含鐵的二次相周圍的鋁基地溶解情形減緩許多,代表此處的伽凡尼腐蝕被抑制,而在動電位極化曲線中也可發現化成處理20分鐘後的AlSi10Mg有很好的陽極抑制能力,抗蝕性獲得良好的提升。然而,錳酸根化成在AlSi10Mg材料表面上的成膜機制還是需更進一步的實驗才有可能得知。 | zh_TW |
dc.description.abstract | Additive Manufacturing(AM) processes‚ such as selective laser melting (SLM) or fused deposition modeling(FDM)‚ enable the fabrication of complex 3D structures with unprecedented levels of freedom. This technology, known as the new industrial revolution, has opened up a wide range of potential applications in scientific and industrial sectors. Many industries are utilizing additive manufacturing techniques to create intricate structures, aiming to achieve objectives such as lightweighting, increased functionality, and part consolidation. Additive manufacturing also holds promise in reducing costs and design-to-manufacture time. Aluminum alloys are among the main materials of interest in SLM research, and further research is needed to explore their applicability in different environments and suitable surface treatments.
This research focuses on investigating the effect of conversion coating on AlSi10Mg‚a commonly used selective laser melting in aluminum alloy.The study aims to determine if the conversion treatment induces significant differences in material microstructure or electrochemical behavior. Various techniques such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image analysis, cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observation, and potentiodynamic polarization curves are employed for research and discussion. SEM analysis reveals a unique and fine cellular structure in AlSi10Mg fabricated through selective laser melting, along with the presence of the iron-containing second phases. During a 6-hour corrosion test in sodium chloride solution, it is observed that the iron-containing second phases initiate galvanic corrosion with the aluminum matrix, leading to the formation of localized anodic and cathodic regions. As a result, severe corrosion attack occurs on the aluminum matrix, leading to significant dissolution. This phenomenon can potentially induce cracking in the AlSi10Mg structure, which could have a detrimental effect on its mechanical properties. To improve the corrosion resistance of AlSi10Mg, a conversion coating using a 0.1 M potassium permanganate solution is applied. The results demonstrate that after the conversion coating, a protective film forms on the pre-existing iron-containing second phases. Additionally, after an equivalent corrosion test duration, the dissolution of the aluminum matrix surrounding the iron-containing second phase is significantly reduced, indicating the suppression of galvanic corrosion. The potentiodynamic polarization curves also show that the AlSi10Mg treated for 20 minutes with the conversion coating exhibits excellent anodic inhibition capability, resulting in improved corrosion resistance. However, further experiments are required to elucidate the film formation mechanism of potassium permanganate conversion coating on the surface of AlSi10Mg. Overall, this study aims to contribute to the comprehensive understanding of the corrosion behavior and microstructural characteristics of AlSi10Mg fabricated through selective laser melting and investigate the potential of conversion treatments to enhance its corrosion resistance. However, further experiments are necessary to understand the film formation mechanism of permanganate conversion coating on the surface of AlSi10Mg. | en |
dc.description.provenance | Submitted by admin ntu (admin@lib.ntu.edu.tw) on 2023-09-22T16:51:53Z No. of bitstreams: 0 | en |
dc.description.provenance | Made available in DSpace on 2023-09-22T16:51:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 | en |
dc.description.tableofcontents | 口試委員審定書
致謝 i 摘要 ii ABSTRACT iii 目錄 v 圖目錄 viii 表目錄 xii 1 第一章 前言 1 2 第二章 文獻回顧 2 2.1 積層製造之簡介 2 2.1.1 積層製造之歷史 2 2.1.2 積層製造製程之方法 4 2.1.3 選擇性雷射燒熔之製程行為 8 2.1.4 選擇性雷射燒熔之製程缺陷 15 2.2 選擇性雷射燒熔之AlSi10Mg 24 2.2.1 概述 24 2.2.2 AlSi10Mg的化學成分 25 2.2.3 AlSi10Mg微結構 26 2.3 AlSi10Mg的腐蝕 31 2.3.1 鋁合金腐蝕概述 31 2.3.2 AlSi10Mg的腐蝕行為 33 2.4 AlSi10Mg之化成處理 41 2.4.1 化成處理概述 41 2.4.2 鋯化成處理 41 2.4.3 鈰化成處理 44 3 第三章 實驗步驟與方法 45 3.1 試片處理 45 3.2 溶液配置 46 3.3 微結構分析 47 3.3.1 光學顯微鏡 47 3.3.2 掃描式電子顯微鏡 47 3.3.3 聚焦離子束與電子束顯微系統 48 3.3.4 穿透式電子顯微鏡 48 3.4 化學組成分析 49 3.4.1 感應耦合電漿放射光譜儀 49 3.4.2 能量散佈光譜儀 49 3.5 電化學分析 50 3.5.1 電化學儀器簡介 50 3.5.2 開路電位 50 3.5.3 動電位極化曲線 50 4 第四章 實驗結果與討論 51 4.1 SLM AlSi10Mg之底材分析 51 4.2 SLM AlSi10Mg之微結構分析 52 4.2.1 蝕刻處理 52 4.2.2 拋光處理後二次相觀察 56 4.2.3 拋光處理後浸泡實驗觀察 57 4.2.4 橫截面TEM觀察 59 4.3 SLM AlSi10Mg之化成處理 64 4.3.1 化成處理後之表面形貌 64 4.3.2 化成處理後之浸泡實驗觀察 66 4.3.3 化成處理後之橫截面TEM分析 68 4.3.4 化成處理之電化學測試觀察 72 4.3.5 化成處理後之電化學分析 76 5 第五章 結論 77 參考文獻 78 | - |
dc.language.iso | zh_TW | - |
dc.title | 選擇性雷射燒熔之AlSi10Mg錳酸根化成處理之研究 | zh_TW |
dc.title | A Study on Selective Laser Melting of AlSi10Mg with Permanganate Conversion Coating | en |
dc.type | Thesis | - |
dc.date.schoolyear | 111-2 | - |
dc.description.degree | 碩士 | - |
dc.contributor.oralexamcommittee | 葛明德;林景崎;汪俊延;朱鵬維 | zh_TW |
dc.contributor.oralexamcommittee | Ming-Der Ger;Jing-Chie Lin;Jun-Yen Uan;Peng-Wei Chu | en |
dc.subject.keyword | 積層製造,選擇性雷射燒熔,AlSi10Mg,熔池微結構,過錳酸根化成, | zh_TW |
dc.subject.keyword | Additive Manufacturing,selective laser melting,melting pool structure,permanganate conversion coating, | en |
dc.relation.page | 85 | - |
dc.identifier.doi | 10.6342/NTU202303691 | - |
dc.rights.note | 未授權 | - |
dc.date.accepted | 2023-08-12 | - |
dc.contributor.author-college | 工學院 | - |
dc.contributor.author-dept | 材料科學與工程學系 | - |
顯示於系所單位: | 材料科學與工程學系 |
文件中的檔案:
檔案 | 大小 | 格式 | |
---|---|---|---|
ntu-111-2.pdf 目前未授權公開取用 | 9.74 MB | Adobe PDF |
系統中的文件,除了特別指名其著作權條款之外,均受到著作權保護,並且保留所有的權利。