請用此 Handle URI 來引用此文件:
http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/8974
完整後設資料紀錄
DC 欄位 | 值 | 語言 |
---|---|---|
dc.contributor.advisor | 王松永 | |
dc.contributor.author | Jin-Hau Chen | en |
dc.contributor.author | 陳勁豪 | zh_TW |
dc.date.accessioned | 2021-05-20T20:05:30Z | - |
dc.date.available | 2010-08-19 | |
dc.date.available | 2021-05-20T20:05:30Z | - |
dc.date.copyright | 2009-08-19 | |
dc.date.issued | 2009 | |
dc.date.submitted | 2009-08-13 | |
dc.identifier.citation | 1. CNS444(2003)製材之分等。經濟部標準檢驗局。
2. CNS451(2005)木材密度試驗法。經濟部標準檢驗局。 3. CNS453(2005)木材抗壓試驗法。經濟部標準檢驗局。 4. CNS14631(2002)框組壁工法結構用製材,經濟部標準檢驗局。 5. 王怡仁、陳柏樟(1990)等級內木材強度分佈之變異研究,林產工業9(2):97-109。王松永(1975)南洋材之物理性質與機械性質之研究。臺大實驗林研究報告,116:373-419。 6. 王怡仁、陳柏璋、陳周宏(1992)台灣杉等級內強度分佈變異數研究。林產工業11(1):63-76。 7. 王松永(1986)木材物理學。國立編譯館,第545-582頁。 8. 王松永 (1988)台灣主要經濟樹種材質基本研究(Ⅲ)。台大實驗林研究報告2(2):7-26。 9. 王松永(1975)南洋材之物理性質與機械性質之研究。臺大實驗林研究報告,116:373-419。 10. 王松永,曾偉宏(1993)杉木之縱向抗壓與抗彎強度之變異性探討。臺大實驗林研究報告,7(1):65-77。 11. 王松永,林法勤(1994)台灣栽植柳杉之栽植距離對其密度與數種強度性質之影響,台大農學院研究報告34(2):124-125。 12. 王松永,林法勤,洪崇彬(2005)疏伐木在生態工法應用對於CO2減量效應。森林經營對二氧化碳吸存之貢獻研討會論文集,pp.230-244。 13. 王松永,張上鎮,陳勁豪,林法勤,鄭森松,洪崇彬(2005)桃芝颱風所引起土石流對人工林台灣杉性質之影響。台大實驗林,19(4):261-269。 14. 王顥霖(1995)纖維飽和點以下含水率對木材強度及噴砂性質關係之探討。國立台灣大學碩士論文。73頁。 15. 李國忠,林俊成,陳麗琴(2000)台灣杉人工林碳吸存潛力及其成本效益分析。臺灣林業科學。15(1):115-123。 16. 卓志隆(1986)木材之動力學與音響特性學之研究,國立台灣大學森林學研究所碩士論文。 17. 卓志隆(1998)栽植距離對柳杉強度變異性影響之研究(Ⅰ)靜力機械性質。林產工業17(3):453-470。 18. 卓志隆(2000)栽植距離對柳杉強度變異性影響之研究(2)動彈性係數與靜彈性係數。林產工業19(1):9-22。 19. 卓志隆(2007)三種測定木材彈性模數方法之比較。台灣林業科學22(3):297-306。 20. 林世宗(1989)不同栽植距離下柳杉林分之生長及其養分動態之研究,台灣大學森林學研究所博士論文。 21. 林俊成、李國忠、林裕仁(1999)柳杉人工林碳貯存效果與適應成本研究。臺大實驗林研究報告。13(1):51-60。 22. 林振榮(1991)柳杉、杉木造林木之原木品等與製材率、製材品等與抗彎性質之研究。國立臺灣大學森林學研究所碩士論文。 23. 林振榮,邱志明,王松永(2002)六龜地區台灣杉造林木的疏伐及修枝對密度,形狀比,心材率及邊材寬之影響。中華林學季刊35(1):75-84。 24. 林振榮,王松永,邱志明(2004)微破壞儀評估台灣杉造林木之抗壓強度。林產工業。23(1):23-31。 25. 林振榮(2004)非破壞性技術評估疏伐修枝處理對台灣杉造林木材質之影響。台灣大學森林學研究所博士論文。157 pp。 26. 林國銓,何淑玲(2005)由生物量推估台灣不同林分之碳貯存量。森林經營對二氧化碳吸存之貢獻研討會論文集,pp.97-108。 27. 林裕仁,李國忠,林俊成(2002)以生物量與材積關係式推估臺灣地區森林林木碳貯存量之研究。臺大實驗林研究報告。16(2):71-79。 28. 邱志明,王松永(1986)柳杉種子苗與插條苗林木之材質研究(Ⅰ)木材管胞長之變異性。台大農學院研究報告26(2):77-93 29. 邱志明(1987)柳杉種子苗林木與插條苗林木生長與材質之研究。台灣大學森林學研究所博士論文。 30. 邱志明,王松永,林振榮(2000)台灣杉造林木密度對超音波速度及動彈性模數之影響。中華林學季刊 33(4):585-590。 31. 邱志明,林振榮(2000)天然林牛樟機械性質變異與未成熟材境界之探討。林產工業19(2):183-194 32. 邱志明、王松永、林振榮(2004)森林經營的立木材質評估。林產工業。23(3):263-274。 33. 侯國深譯Warren J. McGonnagle著(1992)非破壞性檢測法。徐氏基金會。496 pp。 34. 柯志裕(1995)栽植距離對柳杉實大樑抗彎及動彈性模數的影響,台灣大學森林學研究所碩士論文。 35. 徐光平(2003)不同栽植密度對台灣杉立木與木材性質之影響,台灣大學森林學研究所碩士論文。 36. 莊世滋、王松永(1997)應力波時間差法應用於材質評估之研究(1),林產工業16(4):681-696。 37. 莊世滋 (1999) 應力波及超音波法評估木材及不同撫育處理之立木材質研究,國立台灣大學森林學研究所博士論文。 38. 張義雄,陳柏璋,陳周宏(1997)造林木材之組織特性與力學性質的評價(I)-柳杉,杉木 之組織特性與力學性質 國立中興大學實驗林研究彙刊19(1):35-51 39. 梁勝評(2001)林產工業製程中能源消費與二氧化碳釋出量。國立臺灣大學森林學研究所碩士論文,p.1。 40. 郭幸榮,徐新武,張照群,游啟皓,游智偉,張恆顥,鍾年鈞,翁世豪(2005)柳杉人工林生物量及碳貯存量之估算-以觀霧地區為例。森林經營對二氧化碳吸存之貢獻研討會論文集,pp.23-35。 41. 陳玉秀,黃彥三,陳欣欣(1998)A Study on Moisture Distribution of Green Wood and Variations of Specific Gravity in Crytomeria Japonica D. Don。台灣林業科學。13:2,民87.06,頁91-100。 42. 陳欣欣,黃彥三(2002)栽植距離與季節對針葉樹造林木材質超音波非破壞評估之影響,中華林學季刊35(1):85-90。 43. 陳周宏、吳順昭(1993)影像分析技術在針葉樹材之解剖單元量測的應用研究,林產工業12(3):1-27。 44. 陳建男(1991)柳杉栽植距離對管胞長度,密度,年輪寬,晚材率,心材率影響之研究。台灣大學森林學研究所碩士論文。 45. 陳俊宇(2003)鑽孔抵抗法應用於木構件腐朽評估之研究。台灣大學森林學研究所碩士論文。72 pp。 46. 陳勁豪(2002)萌蘗林與實生林杉木材質之研究,台灣大學森林學研究所碩士論文。 47. 陳載永(1996)樹種對三種非破壞測定儀檢測木材彈性係數之影響。林產工業15(3):285-294。 48. 陳麗琴,黃進睦,張添榮,洪富文(1996)栽植密度對六龜地區台灣杉生長之影響,台灣林業科學11(1):1-11。 49. 曾逸仁(1997)台灣古蹟大木構件破壞類型及其非破壞檢測法之探討。國立成功大學建築研究所碩士論文。194 pp。 50. 黃彥三、熊如珍、陳欣欣(1990)打音頻譜分析應用於材質評估之可行性,林產工業9(1):43-54。 51. 黃彥三、陳欣欣、漆陞忠(1993)非破壞性試驗技術應用於原木材質評估之可行性研究,林業試驗所研究報告季刊8(1):85-98。 52. 黃彥三、陳欣欣、張金成、何逸民(1997)超音波應用於木麻黃立木樹幹心腐之探測,中華林學季刊30(4):445-450。 53. 詹明勳,曾郁珊,蔡明哲,高毓謙,李佳韋,郭佩鈺,黃憶汝(2005)三種非破壞檢測儀器應用於柳杉造林木立木材質之評估。台大實驗林研究報告。19(3):207-216。 54. 黃純夫(1983)非破壞檢測儀具設備概述。科儀產品新知4(3):48-52。 55. 詹明勳、陳勁豪、楊德新、王松永、曾郁珊、洪崇彬、李金玲(2005)超音波技術應用於造林木材質檢測之探討。中華林學季刊38(4):485-496。 56. 葉競榮(1983)超音波檢測原理與儀器簡介。科儀產品新知 4(3):53-59。 57. 鮑甫成、江澤慧(1998)中國主要人工林樹種木材性質。中國林業出版社,第267頁。 58. 蔡錫堯(1996)非破壞性檢測實驗。文京圖書有限公司。p. 25-30。 59. 蔡明哲、洪崇彬、蔡旭芳(2000)古蹟及歷史建築大木構造防災科技探討。九二一震災週年紀念文化資產維護的回顧與展望國際研討會論文集。p. 301-316。 60. 蔡俊峰(2001)製材工業耗能與二氧化碳釋出量之研究。國立台灣大學森林學研究所碩士論文,67PP。 61. 顏添明、黃凱洛(2005)杉木地上部碳貯存量之推估。森林經營對二氧化碳吸存之貢獻研討會論文集 第36-48頁。 62. 羅卓振南、鍾旭和、邱志明、黃進睦(1997)棲蘭山林區柳杉人工林帶狀疏伐營造複層林之研究。台灣林業科學12(4):459-465。 63. 三城昭義、三輪雄四郎(1994)木材中の超音波傳播速度におよぼす各種因子の影響。新瀉大學演習林研究報告27:49-56。 64. 白石則彦、土田絢子、泉佳子、鈴木誠(2004)東京大学千葉演習林における炭素蓄積量の推定―1995年と1909年の比較―。東大演報(112):11-34。 65. 永富一之、吉田勝彥、番匠谷薰、村瀨安英(1992)乾燥過程におけけるオビスギ14品種の打擊音によるせング係數の測定。木材工業47(2):70-73。 66. 鈴木滋彥(1991)標準試驗體木材の科學と利用技術。日本木材學會研究分科報告書:68-71。 67. 藤本高明,安久津久,來田和人,內山和子,黑丸亮,小田一幸(2005)Genetic variation in the age of transition from juvenile to mature wood in hybrid larch(Larix gmelinii var. japonica × L.kaemptferi)F1。木材學會誌 51(2):85-91 68. Alexander, C. Ⅲ, J. R. Saucier, V. C. Baldwin and D. R. Bower (1994) Effect of initial spacing of loblolly pine. F. P. J. 44(11/12):14-20 69. Beall, F.C. (2002) Overview of the use of ultrasonic technologies in research on wood properties. Wood Science and Technology 36(2):197-212. 70. Bendtsen, B. A. and J. Senft (1986) Mechanical and automatic properties in individual growth rings of plantation-grown eastern cotton wood and loblolly pine. Wood and Fiber Science. 18(1):23-38 71. Bergsten, U., J. Lindeberg, A. Rindby and R. Evans (2001) Batch measurements of wood density on intact or prepared drill cores using x-ray microdensitometry. Wood Science Technol. 35:435-452. 72. Brown, S., A. E. Lugo and J. Chapman (1986) Biomass of tropical tree plantations and its implications for the global carbon budget. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 16: 390-394. 73. Bucur, V. (1995a) Acoustics of Wood. CRC press, Inc. pp.177-196. 74. Bucur, V. (1995b) Acoustics of wood. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. p.185-192. 75. Bucur, V, S. Garos, A. Navarrete, M. T. de Troya and R. Guyonnet (1997) Kinetics of wood degration by fungi with x-ray microdensitometric technique. Wood Science Technol. 31:383-389. 76. Burgert, I., A. Bernasconi, K. J. Niklas and D. Eckstein (2001) The influence of rays on the transverse elastic Anisotropy in green wood of Decidulous trees. Holzforschung 55(5):449-454. 77. Cai, Z., M. O. Hunt, R. J. Ross and L. A. Soltis (2000) Static and vibration moduli of elasticity of salvaged and new joists. Forset Prod. J. 50(2):35-40. 78. Chudnoff, M., W. E. Eslyn and D. B. McKeever (1984) Decay in mine timbers part Ⅲ. Species-independent stress grading. Forset Prod. J. 34(3):43-50. 79. Chen, T.Y. and J. H. Yen (1996) Influence of wood species on the modulus of elasticity of wood with three kinds of nondestructive test instruments. For Prod Ind 5(2):285-294. 80. Chuang, S. T. and S. Y. Wang (2001) Evaluation of standing tree quality of Japanese cedar grown with different spacing using stress-wave and ultrasonic-wave methods. Journal of Wood Science 47(4):245-253. 81. Chiu, C. M., C. J. Lin and S. Y. Wang (2005) Tracheid length and microfibril angle of young Taiwania grown under different thinning and pruning treatments. Wood and Fiber Science 37(3):437-444 82. Csoka, L., J. Zhu and K. Takata (2005) Application of the Fourier analysis to determine the demarcation between juvenile and mature wood. Journal Wood Science 51:309-311 83. Curtu, I., C. Rosca, M.C. Barbu, L.A. Curtu and R.L. Crisan (1996) Research regarding the growth stress measurement in beech using ultrasound technique. NDT 1996 10th International symposium on Nondestructive testing of wood. pp.117-123. 84. Dolwin, J. A. (1996) Evaluation of internal defects in trees and the legal implications. J Arboricult 20(2):173-8. 85. Emerson, R, D. Pollock, D. Mclean, K. Fridley, R. Pellerin and R. J. Ross (2002) Ultrasonic inspection of large bridge timbers. For Prod J; 52(9):88-95. 86. FAO (2001) State of the World’s Forests 2001, Rome:Food and Agricultural Organization. 87. Fujii, T., Y. Suzuki and N. Kuroda (1997) Bordered pit aspiration in the wood of Cryptomeria japonica in relation to air permeability. IAWA J. 18(1):69-76. 88. Fukuda, M., T. lehara and M. Matsumoto (2003) Carbon stock estimates for sugi and hinoki forests in Japan. For. Ecolo. And Manage. 184:1-6. 89. Futoshi, I., J. Eizawaa, Y. Saito, K. Iizuka, S. Yokota and N. Yoshizawa (2006) Comparison of Wood Properties of Hinoki Small Diameter Logs Collected from Different Tree Ages and Heights. Mokuzai Gakkaishi 52(6):383-388. 90. Gerhards, C.C. (1978) Effects of earlywood and latewood on stress wave measurement Prarllel to the grain. Wood Science 11(2):69-72. 91. Gerhards, C.C. (1982) Longitudinal stress waves for lumber stress grading: factors affecting applications: state of the art. Forest Product Journal 32(2):20-25. 92. Green, D.W. and D.E. Kretschmann (1994) Moisture Content and the Properties of Clear Southern Pine. Res. Pap. FPL-RP-531. Madison, WI:U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory. pp.28. 93. Hansen, C. P. (2000) Application of the Pilodyn in forest tree improvement. DFSC Series of Technical Notes. TN55. Danida Forest See Centre, Humlebaek, Denmark. 94. Hillis, W. E. (1987) Heartwood and tree exudates. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg. 95. Hoyle, R. J. (1968) Background to machine stress grading. Forest Products Journal 18(4):87-97. 96. Jacques, D., M. Marchal and Y. Curnel (2004) Relative efficiency of alternative methods to evaluate wood stiffness in the frame of hybrid larch (Larix × eurolepis Henry) clonal selection. Ann. For. Sci. 56 (2) 35–43. 97. Kana, Y., N. Okada and T. Fujiwara (2007) Use of the Pilodyn for Estimating Basic Density and Its Applicability to Density-based Classifying of Cryptomeria japonica Green logs. Mokuzai Gakkaishi 53(2):72-81. 98. Kasal, B. (2003) Semi-destructive Method for In-situ Evaluation of Compressive Strength of Wood Structural Members. Forest Products Journal 53:55~58. 99. Koga, S., J. Tsutsmi, K. Oda and T. Fujimoto (1996) Effects of thinning on basic density and tracheid length of Karamatsu(Larix leptolepis).Mokuzai Gakkaishi 42(6):605-611 100. Koga, S. and S. Y. Zhang (2002) Relationships between wood density and annual growth rate components in balsam fir (Abies balsamea). Wood Fiber Science. 34(1):146-157. 101. Koga, S., K. Oda, J. Tsutsumi and T. Fujimoto (1997) Effect of thinning on the wood structure in annual growth rings of Japanese larch. IAWA J. 18(3):281-290. 102. Koubaa, A., N. Isabel, S. Y. Zhang, J. Beaulieu and J. Bousquet (2005) Transition from juvenile to mature wood in black spruce(Picea mariana(Mill.)B.S.P.)Wood and Fiber Science 37(3):445-455 103. Lei, Y. C., S. Y. Zhang and Z. Jiang (2005) Models for predicting lumber bending MOR and MOE based on tree and stand characteristics in black spruce. Wood Sci Technol 39:37-47 104. Leichti, R. J., M. Meisenzahl and D. Parry (2005) Structural timbers from retired Douglas-fir utility poles. For Prod J; 55(3):61-66. 105. Macdonald, E. and J. Hubert (2002) A review of the effects of silviculture on timber quality of Sitka spruce. Forestry 75:107-138. 106. Manada, S., Y. Kawamura, M. Yashiro and T. Taniguchi (1984) The strength of plantation Sugi rees. Mokuzai Gakkashi 30(7):530-537. 107. Maclaren, J. P. (1996) Plantation forestry-its role as a carbon sink: conclusions from calculations based on New Zealand’s planted forest estate. In: Apps MJ, Price DT, editors. Forest Ecosystems, forest management and the global carbon cycle. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag. pp.257-270. 108. Matheny, N.P., J. R. Clark, D. Attewell, K. Hillery, A. W. Graham and G. Posner (1999) Assessment of fracture moment and fracture angle in 25 tree species in the United States using the fractometer. J Arboricult 25(1):18-23. 109. Mattheck, C.G., H. Breloer, K. A. Bethge, W. A. Albrecht and A. W. Zipse (1995) Use of the fractormeter to determine the strength of wood with uncipient decay. J Arboricult 21(3):105-12. 110. Mattheck, C.G. and H. Breloer (2003)The body language of trees. A handbook for failure analysis. London: Office of the Deputy Prime Minister, the Stationery Office. pp. 202-209. 111. Mishiro, A. (1995) Ultrasonic velocity in wood and its moisture content (I)Effect of moisture gradients on ultrasonic velocity in wood. Mokuzai Gakkaishi 41(12):1086-1092. 112. Mishiro, A (1996a) Effects of grain and ring angles on ultrasonic velocity in wood. Mokuzai Gakkaishi 42(2):211-215. 113. Mishiro, A. (1996b) Ultrasonic velocity and moisture content in wood II. Ultrasonic velocity and average moisture content in wood during desorption (1); moisture content below the fiber saturation point. Mokuzai Gakkaishi 42(6):612-617. 114. Mishiro, A. (1996c) Ultrasonic velocity and moisture content in wood III. Ultrasonic velocity and average moisture content in wood during desorption (2); during desorption from a water-saturated condition. Mokuzai Gakkaishi 42(10):930-936. 115. Mishiro, A. (1996d) Effect of density on ultrasonic velocity in wood. Mokuzai Gakkaishi 42(9):887-894. 116. Moffat, A. S. (1997) Resurgent forests can be greenhouse gas sponges. Science 277: 315-316. 117. Nakada, R., Y. Fujisawa, Y. Hirakawa and K. Yamashita (1998) Longitudinal change of the green moisture content in the stem of Cryptomeria jopanica D. Don. Mokuzai Gakkaishi 44(6):395-402. 118. Nakada, R., Y. Fujisawa, K. Yamashita and Y. Hirakawa (2003) Changes in water distribution in heartwood along stem axes in Cryptomeria japonica. Journal of Wood Science. 49; 107-115. 119. Olsson, T., M. Megnis, J. Varna and H. Lindberg (2001) Measurement of the uptake of linseed oil in pine by the use of an X-ray microdensitometry technique. Journal of Wood Science 47:275-281. 120. Pape, R. (1999) Effects of thinning regime on the wood properties and stem quality of Picea abies. Scand J Forest Res 14:38-50. 121. Pellerin, R. F. and R. J. Ross (2003) Nondestructive evaluation of wood. For Prod Soc, USA. 20 Ross RJ, Yang VW, Illman BL, Nelson WJ. Relationship between stress wave transmission time and bending strength of deteriorated oriented strandboard. For Prod J 53(3):33-35. 122. Peterson, K. R. (1994) The role of nondestructive evaluation in assuring the wise use of our timber resource. NDT 1994 9th International Symposium on the Nondestructive Testing of Wood. pp. 7-9. 123. QMS (1999) QMS Tree Ring Analyzer Users Guide Model QTRS-01X,Quintek Measurement Systems, Inc. Knoxville, TN, USA。 124. Rajesjwar, B., D. A. Bender and D. E. Bray (1997) An ultrasonic technique for predicting tensile strength of Southern Pine lumber. Transactions of the ASAE 40(4):1153-1159. 125. Ross, R. J. and R.F. Pellerin (1991) NDE of Green Material with Stress Waves: Preliminary results using dimension lumber. J. 41(6):57-59. 126. Ross, R.J., D.W. Green, K.A. McDonald and K.C. Schad (1996) NDE of logs with longitudinal stress waves. DNT 1996 10th International Symposium on Nondestructive Testing of Wood. pp.117-123. 127. Ross, R.J. and M. O. Hunt (2000) Stress wave timing nondestructive evaluation tools for inspecting historic structure. United State Department of Agriculture Research paper. FPL-RP-119. 128. Ross, R. J., R. F. Pellerin, J. W. Forsman, J. R. Erickson and J. A. Lavinde (2001) Relationship between stress wave transmission time and compressive properties of timbers removed from service. Forest Products Laboratory, Forest Service, US Department of Agriculture. General Technical Report FPL-RN-0280. 129. Ross, R. J., J. I. Zerbe, X. Wang, D. W. Green and R. F. Pellerin (2005) Stress wave nondestructive evaluation of Douglas-fir peeler cores. Forest Products Journal. 55(3):90-94. 130. Rozenberg, P. and H. V. de Sype (1996) Genetic variation of the pilodyn-girth relationship in Norway spruce (Picea abies L). Ann. Sci. For. 53:1153-1166. 131. Sandoz J. L. (1989) Grading of construction timber by ultrasound. Wood Science and Technology 23(1):95-108. 132. Sandoz, J. L. (1993) Moisture content and temperature effect on ultrasound timber grading. Wood Science Technology 27:373-380. 133. Saren, M. T., R. Serimaa, S. Andersson, T. Paakkari, P. Saranpaa, and E. Pesonen (2001) Structural variation of tracheids in Norway spruce (Picea abies L Karst). Struct Biol. J. 136:101-109 134. Sasaki, Y., T. Iwata, K. Kuraya and K. Ando (1997) Acoustoelastic Effect of Wood Ⅰ. Effect of compressive stress on the velocity of ultrasonic longitudinal waves parallel to the longitudinal direction of the wood. Mokuzai Gakkishi 43(3):227-234. 135. Schad, K. C., D. E. Kretschmann, K. A. McDonald, R. J. Ross and D. W. Green (1995) Stress wave techniques for determining quality of dimensional lumber from railroad ties. Forest Products Laboratory, Forest Service, US Department of Agriculture. General Technical Report FPL-RN-0265. 136. Schneidet, M. H. and L.P. Sebastian (1991) Bending strength and stiffness of Caribbean pine from Trinidad and Tobage. Wood and Fiber Science 23(4):468-471. 137. Smith, S. M., and J. J. Morrell (1989) Comparing full-length bending strength and small-scale test strength of western redcedar poles. Forest Products Journal. 39(3): 29-33. 138. Syunji T., Y. Fujioka, K. Oda, J. Matsumura and S. Shiraishi (2006) Variation of wood properties in forests of seedlings and cutting cultivars of Hinoki. Mokuzai Gakkaishi 52(5):227-284. 139. Urakami, H. and K. Asai (1996) Sound Velocity of Wood with Layer Construction. Mokuzai Gakkaishi 42(10):921-929. 140. Wang, S. Y. and K. N. Chen (1992) Effects of Plantation spacing on Tracheid Lengths, Annual-ring Widths, and Percentages of Latewwod and Heartwood of Taiwan-grown Japanese cedar. Mokuzai Gakkaishii, 38(7): 645-656. 141. Wang, S.Y. and C.M. Chiu (1993a) Variation of the modulus of toughness and wind resistance of Taiwan-grown Japanese cedar originated by seed and vegetative reproduction, Mokuzai Gakkaishii, 39(11):831-836. 142. Wang, S.Y. and C.M. Chiu (1993b) The wood properties of Japanese cedar origination by seed and vegetative reproduction in Taiwan Ⅵ; Compression and bending properties, Mokuzai Gakkaishii, 39(10):1128-1139. 143. Wang, S. Y. and S. H. Lin (1996) Effects of plantation spacing on the quality of visually graded lumber and mechanical properties of Taiwan-grown Japanese cedar. Mokuzai Gakkaishii 42(5):435-444. 144. Wang, S.Y. and C.Y. Ko (1998) Dynamics modulus of elasticity and bending properties of large teams of Taiwan-grown Janpanese cedar from different plantation spacing sites. Journal of Wood Science 44:62-68. 145. Wang, S. Y. and S.T. Chuang (2000) Experimental data correlation of the dynamic elastic modului, velocity and density of solid wood as a function of moisture content above fiber saturation point. Holzforschung 54:309-314. 146. Wang, S. Y., C. M. Chiu and C. J. Lin (2002) Variations in ultrasound and dynamic Young`s modulus with moisture content for Taiwania plantation lumber. Wood Fiber and Science 34(3):370-381. 147. Wang, S. Y., C. M. Chiu and C. J. Lin (2003a) Application of the drilling resistance method for annual ring characteristics evaluation of Taiwania (Taiwania cryptomerioides Hay.) trees grown in different thinning and pruning treatments. Journal of Wood Science. 49(2):116-124. 148. Wang, S. Y., C. J. Lin and C. M. Chiu (2003b) Effects of thinning and pruning on knots and lumber recovery of Taiwania (Taiwania cryptomerioides Hay.) planted in the Lu-Kuei area. Journal of Wood Science. 49:444-449. 149. Wang, S. Y., C. J. Lin, C. M. Chiu, J. H. Chen and T. H. Yung (2005) Dynamic modulus of elasticity and bending properties of young Taiwania tree grown with different thinning and pruning treatments. Journal of Wood Science 51(1):1-6. 150. Wang, S. Y., C. J. Lin and C. M. Chiu (2005) Evaluation of wood quality of Taiwania trees grown with different thinning and pruning treatments using the ultrasonic-wave method. Wood Fiber and Science 37(2):192-200. 151. Wang, T., S. N. Aitken, P. Rozenberg and M. R. Carlson (1999) Selection for hight growth and Pilodyn pin penetration in lodgepole pine: effects on growth traits, wood properties, and their relationships. Can. J. For. Res.29:434-445. 152. Wang, X., R. J. Ross, M. McClellan, R. J. Barbour, J. R. Erickson, J. W. Forsman and G. D. McGinnis (2001) Nondestructive evaluation of standing trees with a stress wave method. Wood and Fiber Science 33(4): 522-533. 153. Wolcott, M. P., R. K. Shepard and J. E. Shottafer (1987) Age and thinnging effects on wood properties of red spruce(Picea rubens sarg). Maine Agricultural Exp. Sta. Uni of Maine, Orono, Maine 04469, Technical Bulletin.127:17 154. Yamashita, K., Y. Hirakawa, Y. Fujisawa and R. Nakada (2000) Effects of microfibril angle and density on variation of Modulus of elasticity of Sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) logs among eighteen cultivars. Mokuzai Gakkaishii 46(6): 510-522. 155. Yang, K. C. (1987) Wood properties, wood qualities and silvicultural treatments. Q. Jour. Chin For., 20(20):7-28. 156. Yang, K. C. (2002) Impact of spacing on juvenile wood and mature wood properties of White Spruce (Picea glauca), Taiwan Journal Forest Science 17(1): 13-29 157. Yasue, K., R. Funada, K. Fukazawa and J. Ohtani (1997) Tree-ring width and maximum density of Picea gleh nii as indi cators of climatic changes in northern Hokkido, Japan. Can. J.For. Res. 27:1962-1970. 158. Zhang, S. Y. (1997) Variations and correlations of various ring width and ring density features in European oak: implications in dendroclimatology. Wood Science Technol. 31:63-72. 159. Zobel, B. J. and J. P. Buijtenen (1989) Wood variation its cause and control. Bruhlsche Universitatsdruckerei, Giessen, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, Germany. pp.318-348. 160. Zobel, B. J. and J. R Sprague (1998) Juvenile wood in forest trees. Springer-Verlag. Berlin Heideberg. Germany:300 | |
dc.identifier.uri | http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/8974 | - |
dc.description.abstract | 本研究針對棲蘭山區與對高岳山區的柳杉(Cryptomeria japonica)進行非破壞(超音波和表面硬度儀)與破壞性檢測(動彈性模數和縱向壓縮強度),藉以瞭解不同疏伐處理(帶狀疏伐和下層疏伐)與同一林分中不同生長狀況(優、中、劣勢木)對機械性質、木材組織與固碳量的影響,進而建立起破壞與非破壞試驗的關係。
位於棲蘭山區不同帶狀疏伐強度的柳杉造林木試驗結果顯示:在機械性質部分,縱向超音波速度、徑向超音波速度、動彈性模數、縱向壓縮強度及木材表面刺入深度值,由分析的結果,沒有顯著性的差異存在;而在木材組織部分,年輪密度(RD)與早材密度(ED)、晚材密度(LD)、最低密度(Dmin)、最高密度(Dmax)及晚材率(LWP)之間有顯著正相關性存在。除此之外,同一地區不同條件兩樣區,在年輪密度、縱向超音波速度、木材表面刺入深度值、動彈性模數和縱向壓縮強度皆有顯著差異,同時邊材和心材在不同樣區,則有不同的結果。年輪密度與縱向壓縮強度間和動彈性模數與縱向壓縮強度間,都存在正相關,胸高直徑(DBH)與超音波波速間、木材表面刺入深度值與縱向壓縮強度間和木材表面刺入深度值與動彈性模數間,都存在負相關。 位於對高岳山區不同強度的下層疏伐對柳杉造林木的機械性質影響如下:以未處理區(不進行任何疏伐處理)的平均胸徑最小,同時其標準差又最大。伐採後原木縱向超音波波速在樹高方向與直徑方向各有四種型態的變化。此外,在對高岳山區也探討栽植密度的影響,在不同栽植密度2200株(Type A)與3000株(Type B)之間,有顯著的差異存在,且在抗壓強度與微破壞強度上,Type B皆大於Type A。成熟材與未熟材的強度不分軒輊。最後木材之抗壓強度與比重有顯著的線性正相關。在木材組織部分,栽植密度為Type B的平均管胞長度皆大於栽植密度為Type A的平均管胞長,成熟材管胞長也有此趨勢,而未成熟材管胞長則不一定;六區未成熟材管胞長與第一次疏伐後不同栽植密度下各區的管胞長度,皆沒有顯著差異,但栽植密度為Type B的管胞長度大於栽植密度為Type A的管胞長度。管胞長會由髓心向樹皮方向增加,其長度與生長年齡呈現高度線性相關,約在15-22年之間趨於緩和,之後其長只有小幅度的變動並沒有明顯的增加。未成熟材及成熟材管胞的管胞長度,兩者有顯著差異。三種定年方法算出的成熟材與未成熟材境界約在19年左右,三種方法間沒有顯著的差異。 對高岳營林區平均每公頃的材積數為354.4 m3,而此林分為36年生林分,換算為平均每年每公頃的樹幹材積固碳量約2.45 ton。而樣木整體平均製材率為39%。整體之總消耗電量而換算成釋出之碳素量為8.93 kg,淨固碳重為457.77 kg。棲蘭山的柳杉平均每年每公頃的樹幹材積固碳量約2.38 ton,而對高岳營林區和棲蘭山的柳杉,兩者每年每公頃的固碳量無差。 當含水率低於纖維飽和點時,縱向抗壓強度與含水率間呈現負線性相關。若以12%含水率為基準,含水率每增減1%時,平均縱向抗壓強度減增3.60%;若以絕乾含水率為基準時,當含水率增減1%時,平均縱向抗壓強度會減增2.52%。含水率在高於纖維飽和點時,縱向抗壓強度與含水率沒有明顯的相關性。以破壞型態則以壓碎型抗壓破壞出現的頻率為最高,當碎裂型抗壓破壞出現時,其抗壓強度較大;而剪斷型抗壓破壞出現時,其抗壓強度較小。 | zh_TW |
dc.description.abstract | The study used nondestructive testing (ultrasonic instrument and Pilodyn) and destructive testing (longitudinal compressive strengths, LCS) to research the effect of different thinning treatments and grown condition (dominant, intermediate and suppressed trees) on the mechanical properties, wood anatomy and carbon storage of Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) located at Chilanshan area and Dweigaoyuei area. Additionally, the study also established the relation between nondestructive and destructive testing.
The mechanical properties of Japanese cedar located at Chilanshan area with different strip thinning intensities showed that the longitudinal ultrasonic velocities, longitudinal dynamic moduli of elasticity (DMOE), radial ultrasonic velocities, radial DMOE, longitudinal compressive strengths and penetration depths subjected to stripe thinning of various intensities 16 years prior to the study were analyzed using the ANOVA method. No significant difference among the variables was detected. Positive correlations existed between the wood ring densities (RD) and earlywood densities (ED), latewood densities (LD), minmum densities (Dmin), maximum densities (Dmax), and latewood proportions (LWP), however. Samples from 2 plots at the same region but with different growth conditions tended to significantly differ in densities, longitudinal ultrasonic velocities, surface hardness penetration depths, DMOE and longitudinal compressive strengths. Also, sapwood and heartwood from the different plots exhibited different results as well. Wood density correlated positively with the DMOE and compressive strengths. Whereas, DBH of the trees showed negative correlations with the ultrasonic velocities, wood surface hardness penetration depths correlated negatively the compressive strengths of the sapwood. So was that between the wood surface hardness penetration depth and their DMOE. Japanese cedar trees from the untreated plots of the Dweigaoyuei experimental forest had the least DBHs and the greatest standard deviations. The harvested logs exhibited 4 types of ultrasonic velocity patterns each both along the steams and across the stems. Among the logs from different planting densities, there were marked difference between the Type A and Type B planting densities. All Type B logs had greater compressive strengths and micro destructive test strengths than those of Type A. There was no apparent distinction between mature wood and juvenile wood, however. The compressive strengths of the wood had a significant linear correlation with the wood densities. The influences of tending practices on the lengths of tracheids could be separated into the planting densities and thinning effects. The average tracheid lengths of planting density Type B were all greater than those of the Type A density. The tracheids of mature wood tended to maintain the trend. In juvenile wood, the pattern was indistinct. Juvenile tracheids from the 6 plots and those from the post-first thinning having different planting densities all were not significantly different. Yet, the tracheid lengths of trees from the planting density Type B were greater than those of the trees from planting density Type A. Tracheid lengths increased from pith outward to the bark, the lengths showed a highly linear correlation with the tree ages, which started to moderate between 15 to 22 years of age. Afterward, there were only minor fluctuations without notable increases. There were distinct differences between the tracheid lengths of the mature and juvenile woods. Boundary of mature and juvenile wood as determined by 3 different methods indicated that the transition occurred at ca. 19th year. There was no significant difference among the results of the methods. The timber volume stocked at the Dweigaoyuei forest averaged 354.4 m3/ha. Based on the stand age of 36 years, it translated to an annual incremental tree stem carbon sequestration rate of 2.45 ton/ha. The sampled logs had an overall lumber output of 39%, and electricity consumption equal to 8.93 kg carbon emission. There was a net carbon sequestration of 457.77 kg from the logs. On the other hand, Japanese cedar forest of Chilanshan averaged 2.38 ton/ha per year from increments of stem volumes. There were no differences between the forest carbon sequestration capacities of these 2 regional forests. When the moisture content (MC) of the logs was below the fiber saturation point, there was a negative linear correlation between the MC and the longitudinal compressive strength. If MC of 12% was taken as the basis, every percentage increase in MC caused an increase of 3.6% in the average longitudinal compressive strength. If over-dry MC was taken as the basis, then every percentage change in MC entailed a modification of average longitudinal compressive strength of 2.52%. At MC above the fiber saturation point, however, there was no apparent correlation between the variables. As for the patterns of test failures the crushing failure occurred at the highest frequency. When this occurred, a higher compressive strength was observed. Whereas shear failures often accompanied by lower compressive strengths. | en |
dc.description.provenance | Made available in DSpace on 2021-05-20T20:05:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ntu-98-D91625003-1.pdf: 1656997 bytes, checksum: dee7dcd969aff8e4a7b4d587acff1daf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 | en |
dc.description.tableofcontents | 誌謝 i
摘要 ii Abstract iv 目錄 vii 表目錄 xi 圖目錄 xvii Ⅰ、前言 1 Ⅱ、前人相關研究 5 (一)非破壞性檢測之定義與種類 5 (二)疏伐及修枝處理對於針葉樹材性質的影響 18 Ⅲ、材料與方法 28 (一)試驗地 28 1. 棲蘭山試驗地—不同帶寬之帶狀疏伐試驗地 28 2. 棲蘭山試驗地—未疏伐試驗地 29 3. 對高岳試驗地 29 (二)試驗儀器與方法 30 1. 超音波測定儀(Ultrasonic meter)檢測 30 2. 木材表面穿透深度測定儀(Pilodyn)檢測 33 3. 固碳量計算(Carbon fixation ) 34 4. 微破壞試驗(Fractometer testing) 35 5. 軟X-ray 36 6. 抗壓試驗(Compression testing) 40 7. 抗彎試驗 41 (1)實大樑試材 41 (2)無缺點小試材 41 8. 管胞長度與微纖維傾斜角試驗 42 9. 目視分等 44 (1) CNS14631框組壁工法結構用製材乙種框組材分等標準 44 (2) CNS 444製材之分等標準 46 10. 打音頻譜與振動試驗 47 (1) 打音頻譜(Tap tone instrument,Tt) 47 (2) 振動(Tap vibration instrument,Tv) 47 Ⅳ、結果與討論 48 (一) 棲蘭山試驗地—不同帶寬之帶狀疏伐試驗地 48 1. 胸高直徑(DBH) 48 2. 立木超音波速動彈性模數及縱向微破壞抗壓強度 49 3. 年輪特徵值 52 4. 年輪特徵值之間的關係 55 5. 縱向微破壞抗壓強度在樹幹橫向的變異性 56 6. 年輪特徵值在樹幹橫向的變異性 57 (二) 棲蘭山試驗地—未疏伐試驗地 59 1. 立木狀態 59 (1)立木之胸高直徑 59 (2)第一區與第二區立木之各項性質比較 60 (3)第一區與第二區立木不同位置量測之差異 61 (4)第一區與第二區立木之各項性質之相關性比較 62 (5)優中劣勢木立木之超音波波速、Pilodyn與抗壓強度之比較 69 2. 小試材試驗 70 (1)第一區與第二區邊材與心材的抗壓強度差異 70 (2)優中劣勢木小試材之各項性質之比較 71 (3)小試材試驗之各項性質之相關性 73 3. 九個年輪特徵值 79 (1)優中劣勢木九個年輪特徵值之差異性 79 (2)優中劣勢木之年輪數與年輪寬之關係 81 (3)優中劣勢木之年輪數與年輪寬累加之關係 82 (4)優中劣勢木之年輪數與年輪距髓心的距離相關性 83 (三) 對高岳試驗地 84 1. 不同栽植密度與下層疏伐強度 84 (1)立木胸高直徑(DBH) 84 (2)栽植密度及不同疏伐度與木材密度之關係 84 (3)不同疏伐度對超音波速之影響 87 (4)栽植密度及不同疏伐度與抗壓強度及微破壞抗壓強度之關係 89 (5)DMOE與Pilodyn 92 (6)不同疏伐度的木材密度在徑向之變化 93 2. 管胞長 96 (1)成熟材與未成熟材及其界定年份與方法 96 a. 成熟材與未成熟材之界定 96 b. 年輪寬的變化 100 c. 利用年輪寬定年 102 d. 成熟材與未成熟材之強度 104 (2)栽植密度與早晚材管胞長變化之關係 104 (3)栽植密度、不同疏伐度與管胞長度之關係 107 3. 固碳量與製材率 111 (1)立木材積與固碳量 111 (2)柳杉材製材耗電量與製材率 113 4. 立木到製材品各階段之超音波波速檢測 118 (1)立木與原木超音波 118 (2)立木、原木、鼓型材與2”*4”製材品之超音波波速比較 123 5. 製材分等非破壞與破壞強度 125 (1)CNS14631分等標準 125 (2)CNS444分等標準 126 (3)超音波,機械分等 127 6. 木材縱向抗壓破壞類型 129 7. 含水率對強度之影響 130 (1)抗壓強度與含水率 130 (2)FSP以下與FSP以上之抗壓強度與密度 132 (3)不同密度之含水率、抗壓強度與平均密度 133 (4)FSP以下與FSP以上之不同密度群的抗壓強度與含水率 134 (5)比強度與含水率 135 (6)抗壓強度與氣乾密度 135 8. 邊材與心材之含水率與強度 137 (1)邊材與心材之含水率 137 (2)邊材與心材之強度 138 (四)不同生育地之樣區比較 140 Ⅴ、結論 145 Ⅵ、參考文獻 148 | |
dc.language.iso | zh-TW | |
dc.title | 柳杉在不同生育地及疏伐作業之材質探討 | zh_TW |
dc.title | Properties of Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) plantation from different growing sites and thinning treatments | en |
dc.type | Thesis | |
dc.date.schoolyear | 97-2 | |
dc.description.degree | 博士 | |
dc.contributor.oralexamcommittee | 張上鎮,蔡明哲,卓志隆,邱志明,林振榮,葉民權,劉正字 | |
dc.subject.keyword | 柳杉,疏伐,非破壞檢測,抗壓強度,固碳量, | zh_TW |
dc.subject.keyword | Japanese cedar,Thinning,Nondestructive test,Compressive strength,Fixed carbon content., | en |
dc.relation.page | 162 | |
dc.rights.note | 同意授權(全球公開) | |
dc.date.accepted | 2009-08-13 | |
dc.contributor.author-college | 生物資源暨農學院 | zh_TW |
dc.contributor.author-dept | 森林環境暨資源學研究所 | zh_TW |
顯示於系所單位: | 森林環境暨資源學系 |
文件中的檔案:
檔案 | 大小 | 格式 | |
---|---|---|---|
ntu-98-1.pdf | 1.62 MB | Adobe PDF | 檢視/開啟 |
系統中的文件,除了特別指名其著作權條款之外,均受到著作權保護,並且保留所有的權利。