父母親職參與發展軌跡與學步兒螢幕使用時間關係之探討

Abstract

背景：隨著科技進步，電子產品的使用越來越普遍，兒童甚至從學步期就開始接觸到的螢幕的使用。過去研究指出，學步兒過長的螢幕使用時間對健康可能產生危害，如眼睛相關疾病、肥胖、睡眠時間減少、發展不良等。然而過去關於螢幕使用時間的研究，對象多為學齡兒童，較少關注年齡較小的學步兒。且從文獻中可以得知，學步兒螢幕使用時間最主要受到父母層面因素所影響，如父母之親職參與。不過相關研究多為橫斷性，尚未有研究使用長期性的資料建立親職參與發展軌跡，以探討其與學步兒螢幕使用時間之關係。此外，父母親職參與對學步兒螢幕使用時間的影響，是否會隨著學步兒性別而有所差異，也仍有待進一步探討。 目的：本研究欲透過長期追蹤的次級資料庫，瞭解學步兒的父母親職參與發展軌跡，及其與學步兒螢幕使用時間之關係，並進一步檢視學步兒性別在此關係中是否有調節的作用。 方法：本研究使用「臺灣幼兒發展調查資料庫」中3月齡組第一波（3月齡）至第四波（18月齡）的家長問卷資料，共6,620名樣本。統計分析使用統計軟體SAS 9.4，以群組化軌跡模式 (Group-Based Trajectory Modeling) 和多元線性迴歸 (Multiple linear regression) 為主要分析方法。 研究結果：研究樣本父親的親職參與發展軌跡分為四種類型：「持續低度組」（18.93%）、「增加組」（19.62%）、「持續中度組」（50.98%）及「持續高度組」（10.47%）；母親親職參與發展軌跡則分為兩種類型：「低度組」（35.08%）及「高度組」（64.92%）。進一步探討父母親職參與發展軌跡與學步學步兒幕使用時間的關係發現，在父親方面以「持續低度組」做為參考組，若研究樣本之父親屬於親職參與程度最高的「持續高度組」，則其螢幕使用的時間最少（B= –0.19 95% CI: –0.29, –0.10）；在母親方面，相較於親職參與屬「低度組」者，「高度組」的研究樣本螢幕使用時間較少（B= –0.08; 95% CI: –0.13, –0.02）。本研究進一步發現，父母親職參與發展軌跡對學步兒螢幕使用時間的影響，並沒有因為學步兒性別而有顯著的差異。 結論：本研究發現不論是父親還是母親，其親職參與發展軌跡與學步兒螢幕使用時間呈顯著相關，但在學步兒性別上並沒有差異。研究結果強調父母於兒童學步期保持高度親職參與的重要性，以降低過長螢幕使用時間的風險。

Background: With advances in science and technology, the use of electronic products is becoming more common. In addition, children begin to use electronic products at toddlerhood. Evidence has shown that toddlers’ screen time was associated with several health outcomes, such as eye disease, obesity, sleep problems, and poor development. However, previous studies on screen time mainly focused on school-aged children, and less on toddlers. In addition, despite recognition for the influences of parental factors, such as parental involvement, most the existing studies are cross-sectional, without examining the developmental trajectories of parental involvement and their impact on toddlers’ screen time. Furthermore, it is unclear whether the influence of parental involvement on toddlers’ screen time will vary by toddlers’ sex. Aims: This study applied longitudinal secondary analysis to determine the developmental trajectories of parental involvement and examine their associations with screen time in toddlers. Potential sex differences in this relationship were also tested. Method: This study utilized data from the nationwide study, Kids in Taiwan: National Longitudinal Study of Child Development and Care (KIT). A total of 6,620 samples, whose parents completed the questionnaires when toddlers were 3, 6, 12, and 18 months old, were included in this analysis. Group-based trajectory model and multiple linear regression were conducted to test study hypotheses. Results: Four developmental trajectories of paternal involvement were found, namely consistent low (18.93%), increasing (19.62%), consistent moderate (50.98%), and consistent high (10.47%). Regarding maternal involvement, two trajectories emerged: the low (35.08%) and high (64.92%) groups. Results showed that compared to toddlers with fathers in the consistently low group, those with fathers in the consistently high group had shorter screen time (B= –0.19; 95% CI: –0.29, –0.10). In addition, toddlers with mothers in the high involvement group demonstrated shorter screen time than those with mothers in the low group (B= – 0.08; 95% CI: –0.13, –0.02). No sex difference was observed in the examined associations. Conclusion: This study found that the developmental trajectories of both paternal and maternal involvement were significantly related to toddlers’ screen time. The findings highlight the importance for parents to maintain a high level of parental involvement during toddlerhood to help toddlers decrease the risk of excessive screen time.