運輸網路平台之法律關係及民事責任 –從傳統計程車到網路叫車平台

Abstract

Uber運輸網路平台在共享經濟及零工經濟的發展浪潮下應運而生，透過手機應用程式使非職業駕駛人亦得運用其閒置之自小客車，彈性兼職司機載送乘客。惟此種商業模式雖在國際上大行其道，但引發起各國計程車服務運輸業者不滿，認為未取得營業執照之自用小客車，影響運輸價格及既有客運市場，遂成管制上的爭議。Uber進入台灣市場後，亦與交通部經過多次交鋒與協商，歷經多次修法後，Uber在我國特有之計程車運輸管制措施及計程車客運服務業下，發展出為派遣車隊媒合服務之商業模式，使Uber得以在台落地。然就利用運輸網路平台的各項安全問題，涉及民事責任與消費者權益保護，對於此種新型態的商業模式安排及定型化契約，進行全面規範性的檢視實為重要。 本文透過檢視此平台經濟之商業模式所引發複雜的民事法律關係及定型化契約條款，分析現行交易模式與傳統模式之差異，從契約自由與定型化契約的角度切入，釐清平台交易之法律關係和責任，更擬同時關照消費者保護之角度，思考風險分擔與分散風險的解決方案，使平台經營者對於信任其安全性之消費者擔負其應有之責任。

The Uber Transportation Network Platform arises on the wave of sharing economy and gig economy. Through its mobile application, non-licensedlicensed taxi drivers could use their own cars and available time to carry passengers. Albeit extremely popular around the world, Uber has brought rising discontents among taxi service providers in various countries, who claims that drivers without commercial driver's license will adversely impact the cost and the existing market for passenger transportations, and that such practice would cause controversies for regulatory supervisions. When entering the Taiwan market, Uber has also confronted and negotiated with the Ministry of Transportation and Communications, undergone various regulatory amendments, and was eventually permitted to operate legally on this island after developing an operating model for the unique taxi transportation supervision measures and environment of taxi transportation service industry by collaborating with the existing taxi firms. However, the use of Transportation Network Platform has raised various concerns on security, civil liabilities, and consumer right protections. As such, it is imperative to conduct comprehensive reviews on this new operating model and relevant standardized contracts. This thesis analyzes the differences between the new and the traditional operating models by examining the complex civil legal relations and standardized contracts brought about by the business model of this platform economy. This thesis will also clarify the legal relationship and accountability of platform from the perspective of contractual freedom and standardized contracts. This thesis seeks to provide a consumer-protection solution with reasonable risk allocations and diversifications, and, in doing so, enable the Transportation Network Platform to bear their due responsibilities to the consumers who entrust their security.