以虛擬實境進行使用前評估： 自然景觀設計對體驗效益與使用行為之影響

Abstract

前人研究證實景觀美質促進人們在戶外遊憩的停留時間，進而增進身心健康。因此，提升景觀美質成為許多環境設計者的要務。過去環境設計介入之效果，僅能待建成後進行使用後評估方可得知，耗費大量時間與經費成本。如今虛擬實境(Virtual Reality, VR)提供一個環境設計在工程興建前進行虛擬使用前評估的可能。本研究主要應用VR模擬設計環境之使用前評估，比較使用者體驗自然遊憩據點在景觀改造前與後兩種VR之景觀美質感受、使用行為以及身心健康和旅遊意願差異，據此作為設計方案可行性評估研究；同時探討虛擬自然遊憩場景之景觀美質、使用行為、健康效益和旅遊意願的關聯；並驗證VR對於前往實地旅遊意願的促進效果。 臺灣近年森林療癒日益興盛，新竹縣馬武督探索森林為北部重要的遊憩區，2022年本研究團隊接受經營者委託進行園內之綠光森林環境改善設計，配合現有柳杉林，藉由植物解說主題規劃、植栽設計、步道與遊憩設施改善等，提升環境品質。故本研究將此地以電腦軟體建置現況與改造後兩種VR森林模型，受測者配戴VR進行景觀體驗時，可在現實中以原地踏步方式控制於VR模型內自由前進探索或停留觀賞。實驗採隨機平均分配至現況VR組與改造VR組，通過臺灣大學學生網路社團公開招募共72位受測者。過程中以攝影紀錄停留點位置與數量以及總漫遊時長。在VR環境體驗前後，請受測者測量心跳變異，並填寫問卷蒐集個人特性、景觀偏好、知覺恢復、心情狀態、旅遊意願等體驗效益資料。 研究結果顯示，相較於現況VR組，改造VR組的受測者認為景觀美質較高，且停留點較多、整體漫遊時間較長、知覺恢復較高、旅遊意願較高；而景觀偏好越高，受測者在場景中觀賞停留點越多、總漫遊時間也越長，表示景觀美質會影響使用行為；且景觀美質會正向影響心理與知覺恢復，知覺恢復亦會影響旅遊意願；而改造VR組的停留行為集中於經改造置入的主題區內，亦符合設計目標。

Previous research has confirmed that landscape aesthetics promote longer outdoor recreational stays and contribute to physical and mental well-being. Therefore, enhancing landscape aesthetics has become a priority for many environmental designers. In the past, the effectiveness of environmental design interventions could only be assessed after construction, which required significant time and financial resources. However, with the advancements in Virtual Reality (VR) technology, it is now possible to conduct virtual pre-occupancy evaluations of design environments before construction. This study primarily utilizes VR simulations for pre-occupancy evaluation, comparing users' experiences of natural recreational sites in two VR environments: before and after landscape improvement. The study examines differences in perceived landscape aesthetics, user behaviors, physical and mental health, and travel intentions. It aims to evaluate the feasibility of design proposals. Additionally, the study explores the relationships between virtual natural recreational scenes' landscape aesthetics, user behaviors, health benefits, and travel intentions. Furthermore, it validates VR's ability to promote interest in actual site visits. In recent years, forest therapy has become increasingly popular in Taiwan, with Ma Wu Du Exploration Forest in Hsinchu County being a significant recreational area in the northern region. In 2022, our research team was commissioned to improve the environment in the Green Light Forest within the forest, complementing the existing cypress forest with plant-themed planning, planting design, trail and recreational facility improvements to enhance the overall environmental quality. Using computer software, the team built two VR forest models: the current condition and the post-improvement condition. Participants experienced the landscape through VR, controlling their movements within the virtual model while standing in real space. The experiment randomly assigned 72 participants to either the current VR group or the improvement VR group, recruited through open calls to the National Taiwan University student online community. During the experiment, photographic records were taken to document the locations and number of stopping points as well as the total roaming time. Before and after the VR experience, participants' heart rate variability was measured, and questionnaires were filled out to collect data on personal characteristics, landscape preferences, perceived restoration, mood status, and travel intentions, among other experiential benefits. The results showed that compared to the current VR group, the improvement VR group perceived higher landscape aesthetics, had more stopping points, longer overall roaming times, higher perceived restoration, and higher travel intentions. Participants with higher landscape preferences tended to stay longer at stopping points and have longer overall roaming times, indicating the influence of landscape aesthetics on user behavior. Additionally, higher landscape aesthetics positively affected psychological and perceived restoration, and perceived restoration will also affect travel intentions. The improvement VR group's stopping behavior was focused on the redesigned thematic areas, aligning with the design objectives.