科技偵查與基本權保障—以取得行動裝置位址為例

Abstract

現在台灣幾乎人人都有一支以上的手機，且隨身攜帶不會離身。在刑事追訴之領域，檢警機關自然會想利用這個特性，只要定位到手機位址，幾乎就可以找到特定人所在的位址。 過去追訴機關大多使用基地台定位方式，藉由查詢特定手機所使用之基地台，可以推算出被告可能所在之位置，然而此種方式會受限於基地台本身訊號強弱或距離等干擾，會有幾十公尺至幾百公尺之誤差，無法進行精確之定位。而隨著科技科技進步，也出現更多不同的科技偵查手段，其中IMSI-Catcher更是改善了基地台定位會有一定誤差的問題，利用IMSI-Catcher定位特定手機之誤差僅有幾公尺，大幅提升追訴機關之效率，使得各機關趨之若鶩，紛紛購入以提升偵查效能。 然而，隨著時間過去，關於IMSI-Catcher之法律授權基礎爭議也浮出水面，開始有判決認定使用IMSI-Catcher並無法律授權基礎，屬於違法之偵查手段，法務部也嘗試提出科技偵查法草案去解決此爭議，然而在立法未通過的情況下，IMSI-Catcher的授權基礎仍然存有疑問。 本文將嘗試以「定位手機」之目的為出發，探討不同科技手段之原理以及現行法可能有的爭議，並嘗試比較我國目前與德國法制之區別，並作出建議。

Almost everyone in Taiwan now has one or more mobile phones, which they carry with them at all times. In the field of criminal prosecution, law enforcement agencies want to leverage this feature. As long as they can pinpoint the location of a mobile phone, they can nearly locate the specific whereabouts of an individual. In the past, law enforcement agencies mostly relied on base station localization to estimate the possible location of a defendant by querying the base stations used by a specific mobile phone. However, this method is limited by interference from the distance to the base station, resulting in an error range of tens to hundreds of meters, making precise positioning difficult. With advancements in technology, various other technological investigative methods have emerged. Among them, the IMSI-Catcher, has improved the issue of inaccuracies in base station localization. The use of the IMSI-Catcher reduces the positioning error for specific mobile phones to just a few meters, significantly enhancing the efficiency of law enforcement agencies and prompting various organizations to acquire it to enhance investigative effectiveness. However, as time has passed, controversies have arisen regarding the legal authorization basis for the IMSI-Catcher with court judgments determining that the use of the M vehicle lacks a legal basis and constitutes an illegal investigative method. The Ministry of Justice has attempted to address this controversy by proposing a draft law on technological investigations. This article aims to explore different technological methods with the purpose of 'mobile phone localization.' It will examine the principles of various technologies and the potential controversies within current laws. Additionally, a comparison will be made between the legal systems in Taiwan and Germany, and recommendations will be provided.