漢語中的西源和製漢語: 學術評析與辭典資料建置

Abstract

本研究深入探討近代漢語中西源和製漢語的可能性，研究涉及三個層面：學術、系統和詞語層面。在學術層面上，我們整合了21篇現代學術論文（1958-2020）以及7篇早期（1903-1944）的日語借詞研究資料，並針對每一份研究的個別分類方案進行分析，並且建立統一分類系統，使得我們能夠對於超過3,000個經常被討論的和製漢語，進行客觀地描述、衡量學術界對於和製漢語的狀態並量化其所謂的學術共識。通過比較當代學術與早期學術研究和現代術語，我們識別出約1,200個當前研究似乎忽略的潛在日語借詞。利用我們自主開發的資料庫 —— 漢語新詞資料庫（由中研院近史所近代數位資料庫團隊所維護和管理），包含了超過3,700個歷史語料，我們能夠量化日語借詞分類與實際歷史語料的一致程度。在系統層面上，我們發現，雖然當代學術僅認為大約10%的和製漢語具有西方來源，但我們的分析顯示，次數大約爲25%，亦即說在漢語中，至少由五位學者所討論的日語借詞，確實首次的書證出現在於1600年至1920年間由西方作者用中文寫的文本或雙語詞典中。我們在詞語層面上將我們的發現總結為《和製漢語年代列表》，按照來源類型排序：西方、詞典、中文和日語。此外，我們還編制了一本包含超過3,200個詞語的《和製漢語詞典》，每一條目都提供詳細的學術資訊，包括借詞路徑、語義變化以及現代和歷史同義詞。

This study conducts an in-depth exploration into the possible Western origins of Japanese loanwords in Modern Chinese across three aspects: scholarship, system level, and word level. At the level of scholarship, we have consolidated data from 21 modern (1958-2020) and 7 earlier (1903-1944) loanword studies, aligning various individual classification schemes under a single meta-classification system. This enables us to present an objective measurement of loanword status and measure the extent of academic agreement regarding the loanword classification of over 3,000 frequently discussed potential loanwords. By comparing contemporary scholarship with earlier academic contributions and present-day terminologies, we identify an additional set of approximately 1,200 potential Japanese loanwords that current studies seem to have overlooked. By utilizing our self-developed database, the Database of Neologisms in Modern Chinese (maintained and managed by the Academia Sinica Institute of Modern History Database team), which encompasses more than 3,700 historical sources, we are able to quantify the degree to which the classification of Japanese loanwords aligns with actual historical data. On the system level, we find that while contemporary scholarship acknowledges only approximately 10% of Japanese loanwords as having Western origins, our analysis reveals that about 25% of the Japanese loanwords in Chinese — currently discussed by at least five scholars — indeed first surface between 1600 and 1920 in texts or bilingual dictionaries written by Western authors in Chinese. We summarize our findings at the word level in a Chronological List of Japanese Loanwords in Chinese, ordered by source types: Western, dictionaries, Chinese, and Japanese. Furthermore, we have compiled a Dictionary of Japanese Loanwords in Chinese that includes more than 3,200 words. Each entry offers detailed academic information, including borrowing pathways, semantic changes, and modern and historical synonyms.