論營業秘密之合理保密措施－以我國實務判決考察為中心

Abstract

在激烈的國際競爭環境之下，營業秘密的重要性逐年提升，並成為企業保有競爭力之關鍵要素，甚至影響整體國家發展與安全。我國為了增強營業秘密的保護，營業秘密法於民國102年首度納入刑事制裁增強嚇阻力道，以解決過往刑法規範不足與法定刑過低的問題，甚至於國家安全法中增列經濟間諜罪，將營業秘密保護提升至國家安全層級，以綿密的保護網絡串起我國營業秘密保護法制。 然而成立營業秘密刑事犯罪之前提，乃係該資訊為營業秘密，又營業秘密法第2條所定秘密性、經濟性、合理保密措施之營業秘密三要件中，以「合理保密措施」最為重要，因唯有採取合理保密措施時，該資訊才會因此具有秘密性，進而產生經濟性，然而所謂「合理」，不僅字義上不夠明確、且涉及個人主觀判斷，更因科技進步、侵權態樣多元、產業發展趨勢，使得認定標準於實務上呈現動態變化，且相較於舊法侵害營業秘密僅有民事賠償而言，加入刑事制裁後，對於人身自由構成嚴重限制，基於刑法謙抑原則，對於構成要件的認定亦必須更加嚴謹，使得營業秘密要件的判斷標準更顯得重要。 本論文考察民國102年營業秘密法納入刑事制裁後，至111年間之營業秘密法相關刑事判決，發現定罪率僅55%，遠低於108年至111年其他案件起訴定罪率的96%，且不構成犯罪之理由，與不具合理保護措施相關者更是高達90%，可見是否採取合理保密措施，乃為營業秘密保護法制之重中之重。 因此，本論文彙整實務判決與學者所肯認之合理保密措施，彙整出物的管理、組織的管理、人員的管理三大面向之核心概念，與最完善之實際做法，以提供我國企業建立營業秘密法制時的參考；同時提出相關修法建議，藉由明定法規最低要求，使企業與法院有所遵循，以期能達到保障營業秘密，維護產業倫理與競爭秩序，調和社會公共利益之營業秘密法立法目的。

Under the fierce international competition environment, the trade secrets has become a key factor for enterprises to maintain competitiveness, and even affects the overall national development and security. In order to strengthen the protection of trade secrets and solve the problems of insufficient criminal act regulations and low statutory penalties in the past, the Trade Secrets Act was included in the Criminal Sanctions for the first time in 2013, and even added the crime of economic espionage to the National Security Act, link up the legal system of business secret protection in our country with a dense protection network. However, to constitute a trade secret criminal offense, the information needs to be a trade secret. among the three elements stipulated in Article 2 of the Trade Secret Act, " reasonable measures to maintain " are the most important, but "reasonable" does not have a clear meaning. Due to the advancement of science and technology, the standards are dynamically changing, and the addition of criminal sanctions will severely restrict personal freedom. The determination of the elements must be more rigorous, making the criteria for judging the elements of trade secrets even more important. This thesis analyzes the criminal judgments of the trade secret act between 2013 and 2022, and finds that the conviction rate is only 55%, which is far lower than the 96% conviction rate of other prosecutions from 108 to 111, and does not constitute a crime. As many as 90% of the relevant parties do not have reasonable protection measures. It can be seen that whether reasonable confidentiality measures are taken is the most important. Therefore, this thesis provides the reasonable measures to maintain secrecy of judgments and the approval of the scholar, the core concepts of the three major aspects of material management, organizational management, and personnel management, and the most perfect and practical methods for establishing the legal of trade secret. Secret Legislative Temporary Reference. At the same time, relevant proposals for act amendments are put forward, through the establishment of minimum requirements for acts and regulations, so that enterprises and courts can abide by them, hoping to achieve the legislative purpose of protect trade secrets, maintain industrial ethics and order in competition, and balance societal and public interests.