臺灣社會法的知識史考察（1895年迄今）

Abstract

「社會法」是現代社會福利制度的實證依據，而圍繞著社會法展開的法學學說則稱為「社會法法學」。本文以知識史為主軸，爬梳日治時期至今，臺灣社會法相關知識的起源與態樣、「社會法」何時開始作為社會福利相關法律之統稱，乃至於臺灣的社會法法學如何形成。 日治時期關於社會福利的法學討論主要受戰前日本法學影響，首先在行政法學領域下、以現行法條釋義為主。1920年代因社會事業推行，社會事業研究隨之展開，引進了現代性新興思想，也逐漸有以「社會法」稱呼社會福利實證法規的用法。但進入戰爭時期後，為了整備戰爭後方援護工作，「社會」轉變為「厚生」，成為集合全體國民投入戰爭的工具。 1945年後中華民國法制成為臺灣的新規範事實，在民國時期中國所發展的法學知識因此進入臺灣。戰前中國在現代化的過程中同樣深受日本法學的影響，不過由於局勢動盪，法學者著重參考西方或日本經驗進行立法倡議。在訓政時期、黨國法學興盛後，孫文民生主義的思想成為主流，並與當時引進的其他西方現代思想相結合，創造出一種「中國式」的論述方式。 1949年後中華民國政府遷臺，從中國來臺的第一代法學者以沿襲民國時期中國的法學為主。大多留學德國的第二代法學者，將德國法學上的社會國原則引進臺灣學界，更進一步以民生主義為名，在地化為「民生福利國原則」。在解嚴後，社會福利實證法大幅增加讓法學研究標的多元化，政治自由化也使得學者更有餘裕進行社會法研究，終於在1990年代形成社會法法學。而脫離黨國法學的陰影後，「民生福利國原則」也除去「民生」的外衣，還原為社會國原則、被認定為憲法基本原則之一。社會法法學研究者社群在2000年代後持續擴大、交流，並呈現出以留德學者為主體、德國法學為繼受重點的特色。

“Social welfare law” is the positive law of the modern social welfare system, and the doctrines and research surrounding social welfare law is the jurisprudence of social welfare law. This thesis takes intellectual history as the main axis, to explore the origins and various facets of social welfare law knowledge in Taiwan from the Japanese colonial rule to the present, to uncover when “social welfare law” became the generic term for social welfare-related laws, and to elaborate on the formation of social welfare law jurisprudence in Taiwan. During the Japanese colonial rule, the jurisprudence on social welfare was mainly influenced by pre-war Japanese jurisprudence, budding in the field of administrative law jurisprudence and revolved mainly around the interpretation of existing laws and regulations. The implementation of social welfare in the 1920s brought about studies on social welfare and induced modern thought. “Social welfare law” also began to be used to refer to positive laws on social welfare. However, after Japan entered the period of war, “social” gradually transfigured into “health and welfare”, and became a tool to mobilize citizens for the war. After 1945, the Republic of China (R.O.C.) legal system became the new legal norm, and legal knowledge developed in Republican China was brought to Taiwan. In the process of modernization, pre-war China was also deeply influenced by Japanese jurisprudence. However, due to political turmoil, legal scholars focused on referencing Western and Japanese experiences to advocate for legislative initiatives. At the height of Dang Gou (one-party rule) jurisprudence, Sun Yat-sen’s Principle of People's Livelihood became mainstream. And it was combined with other modern Western ideas introduced at the time to create a “Chinese-styled” discourse. After the R.O.C. government moved to Taiwan in 1949, the first generation of legal scholars from China generally followed the jurisprudence of Republican China. Second-generation legal scholars, the majority of whom studied in Germany, introduced the German concept of “Sozialstaatsprinzip” into the Taiwanese academia, localizing it by rebranding it the “Principle of the People’s Livelihood and Welfare State”. After the lift of martial law, the number of social welfare laws surged, generating an abundance of legal research topics. Leaving the one-party rule jurisprudence behind, the “Principle of the People’s Livelihood and Welfare State” shed itself of “People’s Livelihood”. “Sozialstaatsprinzip” was restored and recognized as a basic principle of the Constitution. The community of social welfare law scholars continued to expand with increased interaction after the 2000s, featuring scholars with German degrees and the reception of German jurisprudence.