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標題: | 新冠肺炎對旅遊業衝擊下臺灣老年人旅遊之健康權研究 Under the Impact of COVID-19 on the Tourism Industry A Study on the Right to Health of Older People Travel in Taiwan |
作者: | 詹景棠 Ching-Tang Chan |
指導教授: | 陳顯武 Hsien-Wu Chen |
關鍵字: | COVID-19,旅遊業,老年人,旅遊,健康權, COVID-19,Tourism Industry,Older people,Travel,the Right to Health, |
出版年 : | 2023 |
學位: | 博士 |
摘要: | 本研究根據有關COVID-19大流行期間的背景訊息,對COVID-19大流行下臺灣旅遊業、老年人旅遊與其健康權加以探討分析研究。在COVID-19大流行期間,由於相關防疫措施之旅遊限制,因此對全球各地及台灣的旅遊業造成了非常重大的影響。本文經由Cohen的d值分析結果,發現受COVID-19大流行影響程度最大為2021年出境臺灣旅客人數(Cohen’s d=17.265),最小為2020年出境臺灣旅客人數(Cohen’s d=4.02)。
臺灣目前已屬高齡社會,至2022年底,臺灣之65歲以上人口已達408萬人,約佔臺灣總人口的17.5%,預估將於2025年達到超高齡社會。因此隨著臺灣老年人口的逐漸增多,老年人之旅遊與其健康權益也越來越值得重視。而老年人不參加旅遊的原因主要是健康因素的考量,約為32.43% ,COVID-19大流行後,COVID-19大流行影響之因素即佔了24.75%,亦可被認為是對整體健康因素的考量。因此,本研究建議政府和業界在老年人旅遊行程中,可協力完善和合理規劃健康保障和醫療照護,保障老年人健康權益,以使老年人可以更安心、更健康地參加旅遊。本文經由PCA分析,主成分1包含有交通、娛樂和其他,其因子負荷量(factor loading)分別為0.989、0.945和0.922;主成分2則包含有餐飲、住宿和購物,其因子負荷量分別為0.965、0.954和0.9。因此本文建議相關業者可依此分析結果,規劃老年人旅遊相關的消費結構與策略,以實現其較大之效益。 本文認為憲法第8條中所表示之人身自由係指個人主體不受外部所加諸之限制;而個人之健康係指不受個人主體本身或內部所形成之限制,健康權亦應為人民行使其憲法上之各項自由權利所不可或缺之根本,為重要之基本人權,亦應受充分之保障。本文建議以身體健康權之保障或廣義健康權之保障來認定,較能落實憲法22條人民基本權之充分保障,並依個案情節狀況,具體審酌權衡判斷,以資衡平當事人間之權益。老年人旅遊之健康權保障,雖其主體為65歲及以上老年人,惟並非限制於身心失能者,且強調其於旅遊動態過程中之健康照護,區域範圍亦相對較廣,有待進一步予以充分規範,以符法明確性及法律保留原則,並落實憲法保障其健康權之基本功能。老年人為接種COVID-19疫苗風險最高之族群,基於憲法基本權功能之保障,於主觀公權利層面,落實防禦權、社會權功能;於客觀法秩序層面,落實保護、適法組織與正當法律程序、制度性保障功能。且其易因COVID-19確診而致死之高危險族群,故當臺灣決定採行與COVID-19病毒共存時,更需基於憲法基本權功能保障其健康權益。 Based on background information during the COVID-19 pandemic, this study explores and analyzes Taiwan's tourism industry, old people's travel, and their right to health during the COVID-19 pandemic. During the COVID-19 pandemic, travel restrictions related to epidemic prevention measures have significantly impacted the tourism industry worldwide and in Taiwan. Based on the analysis results of Cohen's d value, this study finds that the most affected by the COVID-19 pandemic is the number of outbound tourists from Taiwan in 2021 (Cohen's d=17.265), and the smallest is the number of outbound tourists from Taiwan in 2020 (Cohen's d=4.02). Taiwan is currently an aged society. By the end of 2022, Taiwan's population over 65 has reached 4.08 million, accounting for about 17.5% of Taiwan's total population. It is estimated that it will reach a super-aged society in 2025. Therefore, with the gradual increase in the older people population in Taiwan, more and more attention should be paid to the travel and health rights of older people. The main reason for the old people not participating in tourism is the consideration of health factors, which is about 32.43%. After the COVID-19 pandemic, the factors affected by the COVID-19 pandemic accounted for 24.75%, which can also be considered a factor for overall health consideration. Therefore, this study suggests that the government and the industry can work together to improve and rationally plan health security and medical care during the travel itinerary of older people to protect their health rights and interests. Through PCA analysis in this study, principal component 1 includes transportation, entertainment, and others. Its factor loadings are 0.989, 0.945, and 0.922, respectively; principal component 2 includes catering, accommodation, and shopping, and its factor loadings are respectively 0.965, 0.954, and 0.9. Therefore, this article suggests that relevant businesses can plan the consumption structure and strategies related to tourism for old people based on the analysis results to achieve greater benefits. This article argues that the freedom of the person expressed in Article 8 of the Constitution means that the individual subject is not subject to external restrictions, and the individual's health refers to not being subject to the restrictions formed by the individual subject itself or internally. The right to health should also be an indispensable foundation for the people to exercise their various freedoms and rights in the Constitution. It is an important basic human right and should be fully protected. This article suggests that the protection of the right to physical health or the protection of the right to health broadly can be more effective in implementing the full protection of the people's basic rights in Article 22 of the Constitution. And according to the circumstances of the case, specific consideration and weighing of judgments are made to balance the rights and interests of the parties. The protection of the right to health of the older people in tourism, although the main body is the older people aged 65 and above, is not limited to the physically and mentally disabled and emphasizes their health care during the dynamic process of tourism. The scope of the area is relatively wide. It needs to be further fully regulated to comply with the principles of legal clarity and legal reservation and to implement the basic function of the constitution to protect their right to health. Older people are at the highest risk for the COVID-19 vaccine. Based on the protection of the fundamental rights of the Constitution, at the level of subjective public requests, the functions of defense rights and social rights are implemented; at the level of the objective legal order, the functions of protection, legal organization, and due process of law, and institutional guarantees are implemented. Older people are at high risk of dying from COVID-19. Therefore, when Taiwan decides to coexist with the COVID-19 virus, it must protect older people's health rights and interests based on the constitution's fundamental rights. |
URI: | http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/88072 |
DOI: | 10.6342/NTU202300938 |
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顯示於系所單位: | 國家發展研究所 |
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