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標題: | 了解自然與壓力應對之間的關係: 從信息處理、動機和認知角度 Understanding the relationship between nature and stress coping: from the perspective of information processing, motivation and cognition |
作者: | 楊燕恩 Yin-yan Yeung |
指導教授: | 余家斌 Chia-pin Yu |
關鍵字: | 大自然,壓力應對,心理健康,信息處理,動機,認知, Nature,stress coping,mental health,information processing,motivation,cognition, |
出版年 : | 2023 |
學位: | 博士 |
摘要: | 利用大自然來治療壓力已成為一種趨勢,以填補傳統藥物和心理治療的缺點和不足。心理學方法在解釋和治療壓力或其相關的心理健康問題(例如由此產生的情緒障礙)有著悠久的歷史,然而,透過大自然改善壓力的研究尚處於起步階段,缺乏具有良好理論及結構的基礎。本研究試圖以心理學中信息處理、動機和認知的角度,理解大自然對緩和壓力的影響,以心理學基礎理論去詮釋大自然改善壓力與認知之間的關係。
此博士論文進行了三項研究,包括比較室內和室外環境暴露的隨機對照實驗、調查激勵參與者與大自然聯繫可行性的隨機對照在線研究,以及有關焦慮抑鬱患者在大自然裡反應(包括認知反應)的質性研究。由於新冠病毒大流行,招募的參與者數量受到阻礙,但仍符合進行相關統計和質性分析的要求。 於第一項研究中,四十八名台灣年輕人(二十四人於戶外綠地,二十四人於室內)完成了四節每週四十五分鐘的研究。結果發現,戶外組在降低反芻、帶動正向的自傳體記憶及增強與大自然聯繫方面均優於室內組。計劃結束後,相較於室內組的參與者,戶外綠地組有更多的參與者採用大自然接觸來應對壓力與負面情緒。 第二項研究把閱讀激勵與大自然連繫的訊息配合額外激勵元素跟其他三個對照組進行了對比,當中包括閱讀與壓力無關的訊息、與壓力相關但非大自然相關的訊息,以及純粹激勵與大自然連繫的訊息。共有九十名台灣年輕人被隨機分配到四組。我們對動機和一連串心理健康指標進行了一週前、一週後和一個月後的測量。研究發現,閱讀跟大自然有關的激勵性訊息並回答含激勵元素問題的參與者變得更有動機去接觸大自然,這包括他們更相信大自然可以緩解壓力,更願意將自己暴露在大自然中以緩解壓力,而他們感知到的壓力亦被降低了。此外,動機增強技巧亦增加了正面的大自然回憶。 第三項研究含二至三小時的小組,內容為促進與大自然互動的森林療癒活動。分佈在七個小組中的二十八名焦慮或抑鬱患者,於小組結束後回答開放式問題和於焦點小組中作回應,從中共得出了四百四十七個陳述。分析後概括出六個有意義的主題(體驗、覺察、自我意識、欣賞、自然療法的獨特性、動機)。這些資料,加上對小組體驗的評分,發現參與者於大自然環境下情緒積極、產生正念狀態、改變了歸因模式、會自我反省和提升了與大自然連結的動機,大自然因此可視為認知行為治療的有效平台。最重要的是,覺察自然界的微小特徵、其聯繫和生命週期是爭論錯誤歸因的有利材料,可用以糾正引至無助感之全局、內部和永久歸因。 這三項研究均表明,大自然作為環境觸發因素有利於人類的注意力、信息處理和記憶,降低人類的壓力症狀並增加人類與大自然聯繫的動力。本文進一步討論了研究結果如何應用於臨床上,包含信息處理模型如何促進以大自然作治療的評估,動機增強工作如何驅使個人以大自然作舒緩壓力,以及如何利用大自然為平台對焦慮抑鬱者進行認知行為治療。 Utilizing nature to heal stress has become a trend to fill up the service gap that traditional pharmacological and psychological therapy failed to provide. Design of nature-based program however is at its beginning stage that a structured protocol with sound theoretical base still absence. Psychological approach has a longstanding history in explaining and treating stress or its related mental health problems like its resulting emotional disorders. The present study attempts to understand nature and its impact on stress coping from the perspective of information processing, motivation, and cognition with a sake of getting a macro view on the relationship between nature and cognition. Three studies have been involved in this dissertation, which includes (1) a randomized-controlled experiment comparing indoor and outdoor exposure, (2) a randomized-controlled online study investigating the feasibility of motivating participants to connect themselves with nature, and (3) a qualitative study to examine anxiety-depressed patients’ responses including the cognitive ones in nature. Due to the pandemics, recruitment of the participants had been negatively affected but the number of participants still could meet the requirement for conducting the necessary statistical and qualitative analysis. In the first study, 48 Taiwanese young adults (24 participants in indoor group and 24 participants in outdoor group) completed four weekly 45 min exposure sessions. The study found the outdoor group surpasses the indoor group in lowering rumination, bringing good indicator for autobiographical memory, and enhancing connectedness to nature. A significantly higher number of outdoor group participants had employed nature exposure for coping with stress or emotions after the program. The second study contrasted a motivational enhancement approach cum additional motivational elements in public messaging with three other control groups, namely non-stress related message, stress related but non-nature corresponding message, and purely a motivational enhancement message. Totally 90 Taiwanese young adults were being randomly assigned to four groups. One week pre, one week and one month post measurements on motivation and wellbeing had been conducted. The study found that participants who read the motivational message and answered motivational enhancement questions had higher levels of motivation, as indicated by their greater belief that nature can relieve stress and their greater intention to expose themselves to nature for stress relief, as well as having lowered perceived stress. Besides, recalls of positive nature elements can be increased by motivational enhancement work. The third study consists of a 2 to 3 hours’ groups with common forest therapy activities that facilitating interactions with the nature. Response of the 28 anxiety-depressed patients spread across the 7 groups came up with 447 statements generated from open questionnaires and focus groups after the sessions. They were analyzed qualitatively with 6 meaningful themes (experiencing, noticing, self-awareness, appreciation, uniqueness of the therapy in the nature, motivation) resulted. Such information, further supplemented by ratings on the experience, generates a finding that participants’ positive mood, mindful state, altered attribution, self-reflection and motivation in nature make nature a good platform for cognitive-behavioral therapy. Most important of all, the noticing of features, connectedness and cycle of life in the nature are favorable materials for disputing misattribution, namely global, internal and permanent, which are crucial precipitators of sense of helplessness. The three studies shows nature as an environmental trigger is favorable to human attention, information processing and memory, lowering their stress symptoms and increasing their motivation to get connect with nature. This paper discusses how the information processing model could facilitate evaluation of nature-based treatment, the application of motivational enhancement work on driving individuals to go to nature, the how we can make use of nature in conducting cognitive-behavioral therapy to the anxiety-depressed. |
URI: | http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/87108 |
DOI: | 10.6342/NTU202300253 |
全文授權: | 同意授權(全球公開) |
顯示於系所單位: | 森林環境暨資源學系 |
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