台灣媒體對中國大陸軍事新聞報導框架分析—— 以 2020 年 8 月解放軍軍演為例

Abstract

過去許多研究發現，在報導國際衝突或戰爭相關的新聞事件時，主流媒體會在報導中有明顯的主觀政治立場、使用消息來源偏向以及特定報導框架。媒體多會偏向支持事件往戰爭（衝突）或和平其中一個方向發展，這個現象被Galtung等學者稱為戰爭/和平新聞學框架；有些報導則會明顯支持、偏袒媒體母國，被稱為愛國主義框架。

本研究以2020年8月中共解放軍對台灣大規模軍事演習為例，探討台灣「四大報」對消息來源的使用、戰爭新聞學框架傾向、愛國主義框架傾向，以及對國際衝突議題是否有明顯的態度與立場傾向。 研究發現：四大報對戰爭新聞學框架、愛國主義框架的使用差異皆達顯著標準，而四大報對國際衝突中媒體母國與敵國的好惡表達，及媒體是否認定台灣（和美國）能成功阻止中共武力犯台等新聞議題上，四大報的報導立場差異也皆達顯著標準。

《中國時報》明顯傾向使用和平新聞學框架、不傾向使用愛國主義框架、傾向在報導中表達對台灣和美國政府的負面情緒，並認定中共能成功武力犯台；《自由時報》、《蘋果日報》都傾向使用戰爭新聞學框架、愛國主義框架、表達對中共政府的負面情緒，並認定中共不能成功武力犯台；《聯合報》立場相較之下最中立，稍傾向使用戰爭新聞學框架、很不傾向愛國主義框架、在報導中較多表達對台灣和美國政府負面情緒，並較認定中共可成功武力犯台。

而上述媒體之間的報導立場分化，與媒體的政治立場傾向也高度一致。在政治與兩岸議題上：《聯合報》較不排斥中共，立場偏藍；《中國時報》高度親共，立場也偏藍；《蘋果日報》反共，立場偏綠；《自由時報》立場反共、親綠。四者的親共、反共或藍綠政治立場多數都很極端，《聯合報》的政治立場雖較為和緩，但態度仍十分明顯：明顯較偏藍、支持台灣政府。

消息來源方面，各報間使用消息來源的類別、國家別差異未達顯著標準，但相互間仍小有差異。各國都最傾向使用官方消息來源，領域專家其次，此二者皆為菁英消息來源；而消息來源國家別中，各報都使用台灣消息來源最多，中國大陸和美國消息來源居次。中、美兩國消息來源數量約略一致，中國時報的中國消息來源比例最高；自由時報和蘋果日報的美國消息來源並列最高；而蘋果日報各國別消息來源的分配比例最接近平均值。

上述研究結果與過去相關研究高度一致。包括：Y. L. Fong等人（2019）、S. T. Lee等人（2006）、M.Y. Chungs等人（2014）和Anderson（2015）的研究結果，都顯示媒體在報導國際衝突與戰爭時，容易因媒體立場不同，而出現戰爭新聞學框架、愛國主義框架和使用消息來源上的明顯差異。

2022年烏克蘭-俄羅斯戰爭爆發後，台灣海峽被許多國際媒體與政治智庫視為全球接下來最有可能爆發國際衝突或戰爭的地區。台灣因特殊的歷史與政治因素，極需加深對戰爭新聞學、愛國主義框架和媒體對國際新聞的報導態度相關研究。但台灣近數十年也幾乎沒有參與國際軍事衝突事件，造成這方面研究缺乏。本研究希望透過對此主題的初探，讓傳播學術界與新聞工作領域更關注媒體與其閱聽人對國際新聞的態度與立場極化問題。

Many past studies have found that when reporting news events related to international conflicts or wars, mainstream media will have apparent subjective politic and stances, biases in using sources and specific reporting frames in their reports.

The media tend to support events developed in the direction of war or peace. Galtung and other scholars call this phenomenon the War/Peace Journalism Framework, and some news reports support their home country's government, which is called the Patriotism Framework.

This study takes the large-scale military exercise of the Chinese People's Liberation Army against Taiwan in August 2020 as an example to explore Taiwan's "Four Major Newspapers", including their use of news sources, their tendency of War Journalism Framework, the tendency of Patriotism Framework, and whether there are apparent influences on international conflict issues. attitudes and stances.

Research finds the Four Major Newspapers have evident War Journalism Framework tendency, Patriotism Framework tendency, expressions of likes and dislikes for their home country (or the enemy countries) government in international conflicts, and whether they believe that Taiwan (and the US) can successfully prevent the CCP from invading Taiwan by force.

'China Times' obviously tends to use Peace Journalism Framework, not tend to use Patriotism Framework, tends to express negative sentiments towards Taiwan and the US government in its reports, and believes that the CCP can successfully invade Taiwan by force; both of 'Liberty Times' and 'Apple Daily' tend to use War Journalism and Patriotism Framework, express negative sentiments towards the CCP government, and believe that the CCP cannot successfully invade Taiwan by force; 'United Daily News' is the most neutral in comparison, slightly inclined to use the framework of War Journalism Framework, also not tend to use Patriotism Framework, express more negative sentiments towards Taiwan and the US government in reports, and believe that the CCP can successfully invade Taiwan by force. the differences in their sentiments are significant.

The Four Major Newspapers are extremely divided in their use of reporting ways, which is also highly consist with their own political stances. On politics and cross-strait issues: 'United Daily' is less against the CCP, and its stance is "pan-blue" (pro-KMT); 'China Times' is highly pro-CCP and pan-blue; 'Apple Daily' is anti-CCP, and pan-green (pro-DPP).

Although the political stance of 'United Daily News' is relatively moderate, its attitude is still apparent: slightly "pan-blue" (pro-KMT) and supports the Taiwan government. The difference on use of War/Peace Journalism Framework, Patriotism Framework, sentiments are significant.

Regarding news sources, the differences in the types and countries of news sources used by newspapers are insignificant. All countries are most inclined to use official sources, followed by field experts, both of which are elite sources. Among the countries of source, the newspapers have the most news sources from Taiwan, followed by sources from China and the US. The number of news sources in China and the United States is roughly the same. 'China Times" has the highest proportion of Chinese authorities; 'Liberty Times' and 'Apple Daily' have the highest proportion of American sources; 'Apple Daily's distribution of national sources is closest to the average.

The above findings are highly consistent with previous related studies, including those of Y. L. Fong et al. (2019), S. T. Lee et al. (2006), M.Y. Chungs et al. (2014), and Anderson (2015), which all show that when the media making reports on international conflicts and wars, they tend to have obvious differences in the framework of War Journalism, Patriotism and the use of sources due to their different media stances.

With the outbreak of the Ukraine-Russia war in 2022, the Taiwan Strait is also regarded by many international media and political think tanks as the most likely region in the world where international conflicts or wars will break out. Due to its unique historical and political factors, research on War Journalism, Patriotic Framework, and media attitudes towards international news events is crucial. However, Taiwan has hardly participated in international military conflicts in recent decades, resulting in a lack of research in this area.

This study hopes that through the preliminary exploration of this topic, the communication academic circle and the journalism field will pay more attention to the attitude and position polarization of the media and its audience towards international news.