毒品供給層面犯罪刑事處罰之探討

Abstract

毒品犯罪的行為態樣涵蓋甚廣，每一個階段均是供需關係之串連。從前端的製造、運輸、販賣與轉讓等供應鏈行為，一直到後端的持有、施用毒品行為，乃是一個環環相扣的過程。而我國當今的毒品政策，已然走向兩極化，在對製造、販賣、運輸等毒品供給層面犯罪仍完全嚴禁、重刑重罰的同時，就毒品施用面之行為則改採部分除罪化及除罪不除刑的態度，將成癮之毒品施用者視為病人而非犯人，進而強調多元處遇模式。然而，何以就前端之毒品供給層面行為，當刑事政策不斷地朝著重刑化方向大步邁進時，卻甚少有人聚焦於討論毒品供給層面犯罪的刑事處罰之妥適性，以及應如何進行調整？ 為了釐清此一問題，本文首先對我國現行有關毒品供給層面犯罪的制度規範進行介紹與檢討，詳細說明在現行法下，可能被納入處罰毒品供應鏈一環之行為的基本規定以及加重規定的具體內容，並同時爬梳其立法沿革。其後，再透過整理我國司法實務見解，分述上列各個毒品犯罪所面臨的法律適用爭議及相關實務脈動，並對現行的相關制度規範及實務運作現況進行分析。 在比較法上，作為毒品戰爭發源地並長期廣泛運用毒品政策的美國，不但早已在管制物質法案中，就毒品供給層面犯行訂定了刑事處罰以及相關具體配套措施；同時，也在聯邦量刑準則中，採行數值化量刑準則模式，建置了有關製造、分銷等毒品供給層面犯罪之量刑準則。而相對於此，英國則是在其量刑準則中，採行了論理式量刑準則模式，以敘述性的方式仔細說明此等個案進行量刑時，法官原則上應該納入考量的相關事由分別有哪些，以及這些事由各自的主要特徵為何，均有助於作為我國將來對毒品政策進行改革時的參考借鏡。 回到對毒品供給層面犯罪的學理基礎進行探討，其核心保護法益應定位在避免對不特定多數人之生命、身體健康法益造成侵害，然，即便據此肯認在立法形態上，選擇以抽象危險犯的規範模式對毒品供給層面犯罪前置處罰，有其正當性和合理性，在此仍有必要對各個犯罪在現行法下的構成要件進行修正，以調整刑罰前置的合理界限。 最後，本文亦從政策面的角度出發，對我國現行的毒品政策走向提出評析，嘗試重新勾勒一個國家的毒品政策應有的外在框架，再以此為基礎，提出數項有關我國毒品供給層面犯罪刑事處罰的修正建議。

The behavioral patterns of drug crime cover a wide range, and each stage is a linkage between supply and demand. From the supply chain of manufacture, transportation, sale and transfer at the front end to the possession and administration of drugs at the back end, it is an interlocking process. While drug supply crimes such as manufacturing, trafficking, and transportation are still strictly prohibited and heavily punished, drug use behaviors are partially decriminalized and decriminalized without punishment, treating addicted drug users as patients rather than criminals, and emphasizing multiple treatment models. However, why is there so little focus on the appropriateness of and adjustments to the criminal punishment of drug supply behavior, while criminal policy is constantly moving toward heavy criminalization? In order to clarify this issue, this article first introduces and reviews the current institutional framework for drug supply crimes in Taiwan, detailing the basic provisions and the specific content of the aggravating provisions for acts that may be included in penalizing acts that are part of the drug supply chain under the current law, and at the same time reviewing its legislative history. Subsequently, this article will analyze the current situation of the relevant institutional regulation and practical operation by compiling insights from judicial practice in Taiwan and discussing the controversies of the application of drug offenses and the related practical developments. In terms of comparative law, the U.S., as the birthplace of the drug war and a long-standing and widespread user of drug policy, has not only established criminal penalties for drug supply offenses and related specific measures in the Controlled Substances Act, but also adopted a numerical sentencing standard model in the federal sentencing guidelines to establish sentencing standards for drug supply offenses. In contrast, the UK has adopted a theoretical sentencing guideline model in its sentencing guidelines, which describes in detail the relevant factors that judges should consider in principle when sentencing in these cases, and the main characteristics of each of these factors, which will serve as a reference for future drug policy reform in Taiwan. Back to the doctrinal basis of drug supply crimes, the protection of drug supply crimes should be positioned in such a way as to avoid infringement on the life and health of an unspecified majority of people. And, even if it is recognized that it is justified and reasonable to adopt the abstract dangerous offence model in the legislative form to prescribe the punishment for drug supply crimes, it is still necessary to revise the elements of each crime under the current law in order to adjust the reasonable limit of pre-punishment. Finally, this article also reviews the direction of the current drug policy in Taiwan, and then tries to outline the external framework of a country's drug policy, and on this basis, proposes several amendments to the criminal punishment for drug supply crimes in Taiwan.