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標題: | 日籍學習者華語捲舌音感知與產出研究 Perception and Production of Mandarin Retroflex Consonant by Japanese Learners |
作者: | Yi-Shiuan Tsai 蔡逸萱 |
指導教授: | 劉德馨(Te-Hsin Liu) |
關鍵字: | 華語捲舌音,日籍學習者,語音學習模型,語音感知,語音產出, Mandarin retroflex,Japanese learners,language learning model,speech perception,speech production, |
出版年 : | 2022 |
學位: | 碩士 |
摘要: | 根據筆者自身教學經驗,日籍學習者較容易掌握華語的「形、義」,但初級學生至中高級學生,在語音習得上,依然有顯而易見的「石化現象」;其中,由於華語捲舌音zh[tʂ]、ch[tʂʰ]、sh[ʂ]發音部位特殊,在日語中僅有相似而無相對應的音位,因此普遍被研究者、師生視為學習上的一級難點,日本學生傾向以日語或華語中近似發音部位的語音替代。縱使先行研究已有諸多日、華語音系統的對比分析,實證性的考察也漸增,但筆者認為其大多仍忽略了中高級程度學習者的偏誤差異,且對單一音位同時進行「感知」與「產出」的研究略顯不足。Flege(1995)提出的SLM,主張當目標語音與母語語音相似度越高,越難正確習得,且聽辨的準確性會影響口語產出的正確度。為了對日籍學生語音習得有更多了解,本研究旨在探討日籍中高級學習者在華語捲舌音的聽說表現及其關聯。 本研究使用90個華語單音節刺激材料,並讓11位受試者分別進行感知及產出實驗,透過聲學工具、質化分析後發現:(1)捲舌音發音整體偏誤率高(ch[tʂh]最難,z[ts]最易);偏誤類型以「目的語互相混淆」比例最高,捲舌音組多為發音部位的偏誤,非捲舌音組多為發音方式的偏誤。從摩擦時長來看,擦音掌握度高,塞擦音掌握不佳,多有送氣不足的徵象;從頻譜重心來看,捲舌音/非捲舌音的分界明顯,但捲舌音的捲舌程度皆小於母語者較不捲的sh[ʂ]。(2)辨音的偏誤率不高,發音部位難度大於發音方式(sh[ʂ]最難,s[s]最易),顯示出受母語負遷移影響。(3)感知明顯優於產出,偏誤表現並非完全一致,捲舌音偏誤關聯較非捲舌音密切。此外也觀察到在感知上,學習者受到phonological deafness影響,導致目的語音位無法正確建立,而在產出時出現偏誤,研究結果顯示,SLM並無法完全預測本研究結果,無法說明為何差異較大的音位反而不易被知覺。 In my personal teaching experience, Japanese learners of Mandarin tend to have certain pronunciation problems, especially with the retroflex consonants [tʂ], [tʂʰ], [ʂ]' of Mandarin which do not exist in Japanese. Therefore, this is generally considered as a difficult point for Japanese learners. They tend to perceive or produce '[tʂ], [tʂʰ], [ʂ]'by similar places of articulation. While there are many analyses comparing Japanese and Chinese phonological systems, most studies have failed to identify speech errors in Japanese intermediate and advanced learners. Moreover, the relationship between 'perception' and 'production' of retroflex consonants remains unclear. To fill the research gap, this study conducted speech perception and speech production experiments with 11 Japanese Mandarin learners using 90 monosyllabic Mandarin stimuli. The results of the acoustic measurements and qualitative analysis showed that (1) the error rates of Mandarin retroflex production were high overall (e.g. [tʂʰ] has the highest error rate, [s] has the highest accuracy rate); in particular, the main reason for the erroneous production is the confusion between two similar phonemes of the target language-the errors in Mandarin retroflex are more likely to be associated with the incorrect place of articulation, and the errors in Mandarin non-retroflex are more likely to be associated with the incorrect production of manner of articulation. Learners are more likely to master affricates than fricatives, but not aspirates. By central gravity of spectrum (COG), Mandarin retroflexes and non-retroflexes differ significantly, but their COG values are overall smaller than those of native speakers. (2) The error rates in speech perception test were not high. In particular, the correct manner of articulating the production was easier than the correct position of articulation, which shows the effect of negative transfer from the native language. (3) The error rates of speech production were higher than those of speech perception. However, the patterns for Mandarin retroflex and non-retroflex differ. For Mandarin retroflex, the error types were strongly correlated, whereas for non-retroflex, a lower relevance was observed. Overall, the current results partially support the prediction of the Speech Learning Model (SLM, Flege 1995), which indicates a directional influence of speech perception on production. However, the SLM cannot explain why learners can hardly distinguish between two non-similar phonemes. The influence of phonological deafness could be a possible underlying mechanism for faulty production due to inaccurate establishment of target language phonemes and other misperceptions. |
URI: | http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/84425 |
DOI: | 10.6342/NTU202203613 |
全文授權: | 同意授權(限校園內公開) |
電子全文公開日期: | 2022-09-30 |
顯示於系所單位: | 華語教學碩士學位學程 |
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