網際網路架構作為犯罪控制策略－以TCP/IP協定為例

Abstract

網際網路，作為一種革命性的通訊科技，改變了當代社會成員之間的通訊方式，創造了一個龐大、包容各種異質的使用者與思想的系統，使得位於世界各地、數以億計的人們彼此能即時互動與分享資訊。網際網路看似具有解放個人、擴大個人自我決定與自我實現可能性的力量，具備抗拒控制、抗拒權威的天性，但其存在亦致使個人被更全面、深層地鑲嵌在社會網絡當中。傳統的中心化的權力機構，在這樣一種新型的網路拓樸當中，是否亦會轉變其對於社會成員所施加的犯罪控制等社會控制之形式，即值得吾人予以關注。 在探究控制形式在網際網路影響下的變遷時，吾人須先對於網際網路的技術架構具備一定的理解。為了回答本文的探問，本文先對於網際網路的技術架構進行檢視和分析，比較中心化網路、去中心化網路及分散式網路的結構差異，說明網際網路技術架構的基本原理，並將焦點匯聚於構成網際網路的核心技術部件之一的通訊協定、其構造、及其運作邏輯，以理解為何貌似雜亂無章的分散式通訊網路得以變得有序而乘載通訊的任務，並透過揭示TCP、IP、DNS等協定的運作方式，使網際網路表面上混亂奔放、實則紀律嚴密的形象變得清晰可見。 檢視協定的構造之後，本文將協定視作一種獨立存在於物理世界當中的「架構」（architecture），並指出協定係一種具有規範色彩的架構，而其發揮規範作用的方式，與傳統的規範性架構不同。這些相異之處可透過Foucault的規訓社會與Deleuze的控制社會之間的比較來賦予其脈絡。本文希望以中國的相關政策與立法例為實例，實際指出開放而多元的網際網路，由於通訊協定的規範與控制的、本質上所必需的嚴密性，使得傳統的中心化權力──諸如國家與其執法機關──得以取得介入、進而控制網際網路及其使用者之行為的有力槓桿。 最後，本文考察Deleuze所提出的、對抗同一性的專制暴政的兩個可能方向：塊莖與遊牧，並在檢視這兩個方向之後，試圖指出Deleuze策略的潛力與限制，並指出其他潛在可行的抵抗策略。在個體性與個體化、解轄域與再轄域的拮抗當中，本文認為，在個人的尺度上，持續不斷地進行游擊，或許是在控制社會中保持個人主體性的可行方向。

The Internet, as a revolutionary communication technology, reconstructs the way of communicating in contemporary society, creates a huge system accommodating various heterogeneous individuals and ideas, and enables people from all over the world to share information with each other immediately. It seems that the Internet holds the emancipatory power of liberating individuals from social rules and expanding the scale of self-government and self-fulfillment, and its intrinsically resistant to social control and authority. However, the existence of the Internet could also contribute to the increasing integration between individuals and the social networks they engage with. How the traditional centralized authority and institution adjust and transform their social control upon members of society therefore deserves more attention and analysis. To answer this question, this thesis firstly introduces the technical structure of the Internet and examine the difference between different topology of network, such as centralized network and distributed network, to illustrate the basic technical operation of the Internet. Then this thesis shifts the focus to one of the core components of the Internet: Communication Protocols. After examining the structure and logic behind the protocols, this thesis attempts to explain why the seemingly chaotic distributed network is capable of carrying out communication orderly, and to clarify the duality between chaos and order inside the Internet by examining the technical details of TCP, IP and DNS. After examining the structure of protocol, this thesis attempts to view protocol as a kind of 'architecture' independently existing in physical world, and illustrates the normative nature of protocol as normative architecture. The way the Internet, as a normative architecture, enforces itself is different from other kinds of architecture. This difference is clarified and contextualized by the comparison between Foucault’s discipline society and Deleuze's control society. This thesis then attempts to use Internet regulations and policies in China as an example to illustrate how the traditional centralized power institution is able to intervene and control the behavior of the Internet and its users through the strictness and order from protocols. Lastly, this thesis examines the two possible strategies proposed by Deleuze to resist the tyranny of arborescent thinking: Rhizome and Normad. After criticizing these strategies, this thesis attempts to propose other viable strategy for resistance. Between individuation and individuality, deterritorization and reterritorization, this thesis advocates that continuous guerrilla warfare between individual and society is a potentially viable way to maintain subjectivity of individual.