捕魚實體於國際海洋法法庭之進用性

Abstract

本論文之目的在於分析捕魚實體於國際海洋法法庭之進用性。自聯合國魚群 協定生效後，現今的捕魚實體已然成為國際間針對高度洄游魚種及跨界魚種養護 管理的活躍參與者之一。儘管臺灣至今仍未成為聯合國魚群協定的參與方，臺灣 已以捕魚實體之身份成為眾多國際區域性漁業管理組織之委員會成員。 考量到今日捕魚實體在國際間高度洄游魚種及跨界魚種養護管理的密切連 結及參與，本論文主張管轄權具有相當彈性的國際海洋法法庭應可供捕魚實體所 進用。 儘管捕魚實體已參與眾多國際間區域性漁業組織並在高度洄游魚種及跨界 魚種養護管理上擁有舉足輕重的地位，目前國際間尚無關於捕魚實體法人格的權 威論述。捕魚實體法人格之內涵不僅涉及捕魚實體的相關權利義務，也同時間接 影響到國際海洋法法庭對於捕魚實體有無管轄權。因此，本論文除了分析國際海 洋法法庭的屬人管轄規範外，更著重於捕魚實體之法人格及其與國際海洋法法庭 的屬人管轄規範之互動。 本論文首先分析國際海洋法法庭的屬人管轄規範之界線。進一步，本論文依 循現行的相關國際法原則，並從中提出可供判斷捕魚實體法人格之判準。最後， 本論文整合上開分析，並提出捕魚實體進用國際海洋法庭之界線。 本論文主張捕魚實體可就下列種類之爭端進用國際海洋法法庭，該等爭端種 類分別為:(1)涉及國家管轄下區域內及公海上之高度洄游魚種及跨界魚種養護 管理措施相容性(2)涉及與高度洄游魚種及跨界魚種養護管理措施有關之港口 國措施(3) 涉及區域性漁業組織之高度洄游魚種及跨界魚種養護管理措施所生 的船旗國責任

This thesis illustrates and analyzes the access to ITLOS of the fishing entity. The fishing entity has been an active participant in global conservation and management of straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks since the adoption of UNFSA. Despite that Taiwan remains non-party to UNFSA, Taiwan has participated in several commissions of RFMOs as fishing entity. Taking the fishing entity’s deep involvement in the conservation and management of straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks into consideration, this thesis proposes that ITLOS, an international tribunal with flexible jurisdiction on maritime disputes, shall be open to the fishing entity. While the fishing entity has participated in several RFMOs and gained significance in the conservation and management of straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks, there is yet any depiction on the legal personality of fishing entity. The legal personality of the fishing entity not only affects relevant rights and obligations of the fishing entity, but also relevant to the jurisdiction of ITLOS. Hence, this thesis focuses on the personal jurisdiction of ITLOS and its interactions with the legal personality of the fishing entity. This thesis firstly analyzes the outline of the personal jurisdiction of ITLOS. Further, this thesis proposes applicable criteria derived from the general rules of international law and determines the legal personality of the fishing entity. Lastly, this thesis integrates the findings of this thesis and proposes the outline of access to ITLOS of the fishing entity. This thesis concludes that fishing entity possesses access to ITLOS concerning disputes concerning: (1) compatibility of the conservation and management measures of straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks adopted in areas under national jurisdiction and those adopted in high seas (2) port state measures concerning conservation and management measures of straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks (3) flag state duties concerning conservation and management measures of straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks of RFMOs.