主管機關及社會福利機構擔任成年監護/輔助人之研究

Abstract

「成年監護」制度係為保護成年人因其判斷能力發生障礙或喪失，致無法處理事務 所設的監護或保護制度。為因應我國老年人口比例急增、青壯人口恐無力擔負如此高之 扶養比之情勢，成年監護制度勢必須由國家與法制從中協助。我國於 2008 年修正成年 監護制度，修法主要內容為自「一級制」改為監護/輔助宣告之「二級制」、修正成年監 護中與親屬會議相關之條文，改由法院取代其角色、允許主管機關/社會福利機構擔任 監護與輔助人等。此外，近年來，國際逐漸開始重視身心障礙者之權利，聯合國亦於 2006 年通過《身心障礙者權利公約》(以下簡稱「身權公約」)，公約宗旨係「促進、保障與 確保所有身心障礙者充分及平等享有所有人權及基本自由，並促進對身心障礙者固有尊 嚴之尊重」。我國於 2014 年 8 月 20 日通過身心障礙者權利公約施行法(以下簡稱「身 權公約施行法」)後，正式將該公約內國法化。成年監護制度規範對象亦與身權公約之 適用對象範圍有所重疊，故有必要檢討我國新成年監護制度，是否符合身權公約之內涵。 從而，本研究先談討我國成年監護制度之變遷，接著討論身權公約與成年監護制度 之關聯，最後以半結構訪談法對成年監護之主管機關與社會福利機構實務工作者進行訪 談，希冀解明我國主管機關、社會福利機構作為監護/輔助人之實態，包括成年監護制 度實務運作現況與困境，並進一步探討是否符合身權公約。 最後針對我國成年監護制度與實務提出個人建議，包括:一、監 護 / 輔 助 人 職 務 應從主管機關到社會福利機構漸進式移轉;二、監護/輔助監督機制應再強化;三、 監護/輔助機制應就各方面協助本人「增強信心與能力」;四、放寬民法第 1111 條之 2 對於監護人之資格限制;五、強化監護支持網絡並落實教育訓練;六、監 護/輔助裁定應配合實務需求;七、維持監護/輔助工作專業人力穩定性。期能作為 後續成年監護制度立法與實務運作之參考。

“Adult guardianship”is a guardian or protection system to protect adults who lack of ability to deal with things due to the disable or loss of their mental capacity. While the percentage of the elderly population has skyrocketed, the youth population can no longer bear the burden of the dependency ratio. The government and legal system need to step in. Taiwan’s adult guardianship law was amended in 2008: it includes the change of the unitary system into the dual systems of guardianship and assistantship. The family council was replaced with the court, for the supervision of the performance of the guardians/assistants duties. The allowance of competent authority and social welfare institutions shall be appointed as a guardian/assistant. Meanwhile, for the past few years, the world began to emphasize on the rights of persons with disabilities. The United Nations set up The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) to promote, protect and ensure the full and equal enjoyment of all human rights and fundamental freedoms by all persons with disabilities, and to promote respect for their inherent dignity. The study begins with the developments and changes of Taiwan’s adult guardianship and its relation with CRPD. The final section of the study interviews workers in competent authority and social welfare institutions. The study hopes to discover the actual situation of competent authority and social welfare institutions workers as guardian/assistant, which includes the hardship of the adult guardianship and its compatibility with CRPD. The findings may serve as a guide for further research on the revision of adult guardianship. These are the following proposals: 1. The competent authority’s role as guardians/assistants , should be gradually transferred to social welfare institutions. 2. The supervision on guardians/assistants should be intensified. 3. The guardianship/assistantship should build the confidence and skills of persons with disabilities. 4. The article 1111-2 should be less restrictive on the qualifications of guardians/assistants. 5. The support and knowledge of adult guardianship should be strengthened. 6. The court’s ruling should be inline with the actual situation of the guardians/assistants work. 7. The stability of manpower of guardians/assistants should be increased.