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標題: | 邇於戎事:晉唐之間女性的戰爭參與 Gender and Women’s War Participation in Early Imperial China |
作者: | Hou-yu Shih 施厚羽 |
指導教授: | 李貞德(Jen-der Lee) |
關鍵字: | 中古,戰爭,女性史,性別越界,歷史書寫, early imperial China,war,women’s history,gender border-crossing,historical writing, |
出版年 : | 2018 |
學位: | 碩士 |
摘要: | 一般認為,戰爭由男性與陽剛氣質主導,婦人不應該干預、介入軍國之事。不過,從史書的蛛絲馬跡,依然可以發掘女性介入戰爭的實例。本研究以漢唐時期,特別是四至八世紀女性的戰爭參與為核心,梳理其參戰模式、背景、評價,並帶出戰爭與軍事文化中的性別課題,及歷史書寫的時代變化。
女性參與戰爭的模式,涵蓋戰鬥與領導、守備與雜務等後勤工作、散財助軍、提供建議等四大方面。事例不多,但是最奪人眼目者當屬戰鬥或號令兵民的女性,她們臨陣殺敵或統帥軍隊,表面上是男性成員缺席所致,實際上則映射其權力與能動性。至於最常見的方式,即後勤、出資、建議。女性參與戰爭的背景,除了統治者徵用勞動力、基層防禦設施、非漢族群社會組織等背景以外,亦不能忽視階層、父系家族中的倫理角色與社會風俗的影響。 性別氣質方面,雖然在現實中有不少女性涉入戰爭,但是士人與軍事領袖的態度相當曖昧。他們擔憂政治、社會秩序產生動盪,因此極力祛除軍事文化有關「女性」的因子。是故,干涉軍事與戰爭的婦女容易招致批評、被視為災異。從陰陽觀念與男性氣質來看,女性會侵蝕軍隊的陽剛氣質。因此,將領皆須嚴肅看待,能夠擺脫婦人誘惑者自然為人稱道,不過驅遣女子作戰,反而能夠襯托將帥的軍事才能。對女性自身來說,部分參戰婦女,特別是破壞既定社會秩序的叛亂者,關於其性別氣質與體貌特徵的書寫,往往迥異於同時代其他女性。 歷史書寫方面,從魏晉南北朝開始,參與戰爭成為女性個人生命中值得被記錄的一筆。秦漢時期不見因戰功而入史者,魏晉以後由於列女傳記編纂,以及朝廷對於忠之提倡,參戰女性作為獨立個人,其故事得以見諸史冊,成為朝廷標舉的模範。命婦制度也提供女性榮耀己身的機會,有時亦可讓親屬受惠。而魏晉南北朝參戰者形象亦通過士人歷史書寫、詩文傳頌等途徑流傳,進一步成為唐人定義當朝參戰女性的典範。 本研究通過考察漢唐之間參與戰爭的女性,藉由父系家族、階層及社會結構、地域文化所賦予的資源與權力介入戰爭,同時展現其形象的傳衍,以及士人態度的曖昧性,呈現她們作為個人與概念的複雜面貌。 Men and dominant masculinities generally engaged in war in traditional China. Women should not interfere in military affairs, nor should they have roles in warfare; however, one can find women’s participation in war in historical writings. This study focuses on the patterns, background, and development of women’s war participation in early imperial China, specifically from the 4th to 8th centuries. The author clarifies notions of gender over time in early imperial China’s military culture and the evolution of historical texts written by scholar-officials. This research shows four major patterns of women’s participation, including engagement in combat and leadership, guard duty and logistical support, contributing one’s property for the war effort, and providing advice. Examples of those engaged in combat or leadership are few, but undoubtedly the most eye-catching. Those roles were not only due to the absence of male family members, but also reflected women’s power and agency. In contrast, providing logistical support, property, or advice were more common occurrences. The contextual background for such patterns includes the ruler’s request for manpower, local self-defense installations, and non-Han social organizations. Additionally, one cannot ignore the hierarchies, ethical roles of women in paternal families, and customs of regional societies. Men attempted to rid military culture of “femininity” and criticized women who interfered in military affairs even regarding them as the causes of disasters. From the perspective of yin and yang, women would erode the masculinity of an army, and therefore, military leaders would have to take the matter seriously. Ambiguities could be found in discourse employed by scholar-officials and military leaders. Concerning men, for example, a leader who didn’t give into the temptation of women could bolster his reputation; however, one who had women soldiers under his command would be considered talented. For some women, (especially those insurrectionists viewed as crossing prescribed gender norms) they were usually described with different temperaments and body characteristics compared to their contemporaries. In historical writings, women participating in war had not been recorded during the Qin and Han dynasties. Nevertheless, this situation would change in early Medieval China. Owing to the compilation of women’s biographies and advocacy of loyalty by the courts, women as individuals became roles models and their stories were recorded into the official histories. Women with military exploits could be rewarded with honorary title, and, the in some cases her honor could extend to her descendants. During the Tang dynasty, scholar-officials shaped the images of those historical women into a model which represented the women who participated in war at that time. By analyzing women’s power within the patriarchal family, hierarchies, social structures, and regional customs, this study examines how women in early imperial China involved themselves in war. The author elucidates the propagation of these images of women, the ambiguous attitudes held by men, and the complexity of the woman as both an individual and a concept. Keywords: early imperial China, war, women’s history, gender border-crossing, historical writing |
URI: | http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/70373 |
DOI: | 10.6342/NTU201800730 |
全文授權: | 有償授權 |
顯示於系所單位: | 歷史學系 |
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