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標題: | 高空間解析度評估運具電動化之環境共效益方法——以臺北市公車為例 Evaluate the environmental co-benefits of vehicle electrification with high spatial resolution: A case study of city buses in Taipei City |
作者: | Nung-Chiao Huang 黃農喬 |
指導教授: | 闕蓓德(Pei-Te Chiueh) |
關鍵字: | 電動運具,衝擊路徑法,空氣污染,健康風險,溫室氣體排放, Electric vehicles,impact pathway approach,air pollution,health risk,greenhouse gas emission, |
出版年 : | 2020 |
學位: | 碩士 |
摘要: | 運輸為人類生活不可或缺之因素,但是隨著都市化與人口數增加,連帶提高運具數與旅次數,導致環境外部性益發嚴重,故近年來紛紛興起採用替代燃料運具的趨勢;其中又因電動運具發展較成熟,以及具有零尾氣排放等特性,受到廣泛推廣與採用。然而,目前促進電動運具發展與應用仍面臨許多困難,最主要的阻礙之一為高昂的成本。有鑑於此,國際間常見由政府透過政策或經濟工具減輕消費者負擔、鼓勵採用電動運具;而我國行政院亦於2017年宣布於2030年以前達到全面電動化客運公車之目標,且中央與地方政府皆有規劃相關補助措施。 為完整了解運具電動化對決策者與客運業者的影響,進一步評估其環境共效益,本研究建立一評估運具電動化於空氣污染排放與溫室氣體排放減量之方法,以臺北市公車作為研究案例,並設定不同情境探討汰換比例與發電結構對公車的空氣污染排放、溫室氣體排放產生的影響。本研究透過衝擊路徑法,評估公車排放之空氣污染物:NOx、SOx、PM2.5與PM10對人體健康產生之衝擊成本,並結合生命週期評估方法,評估柴油公車與電動公車從製造至營運階段產生之溫室氣體排放,最後經由碳價量化作為其因應全球暖化所需付出之成本。 研究結果顯示,電動公車確能降低空氣污染及溫室氣體所致的風險,然而即使分別在政府給予補助與計入環境共效益的情形下,對客運業者與政府而言,採用電動公車仍面臨初期投入成本較高的情況;以環境共效益與補助款計算此政策對政府之益本比,於各情境約介於4.22%-18.74%之間,雖隨著公車汰換比例越高,益本比亦隨之提高,但總補助額高昂,考量柴油車輛所造成的環境外部性與國際趨勢,建議進一步考量整體政策規劃中對補助業者購置電動公車預算之分配或搭配其他獎勵措施。 Transport plays a key role in human society, but it also brings enormous externalities while population keeps growing. To mitigate the impacts, there is a trend of alternative fuel vehicles adoption in recent years. Electric vehicles(EVs) are the most popular among all the alternatives because of its relatively mature technology and zero tailpipe emissions. However, there remains some barriers facing EVs adoption, one of the major barriers is the cost to consumers. In order to enhance the adoption, Governments often provides policy incentives for manufactures or consumers. To understand the impacts of vehicle electrification to the cost of policies makers and consumers, it is necessary to evaluate the environmental co-benefits of EVs. Therefore, the goal of this study is to integrate the Impact Pathway Approach and Life Cycle Analysis in order to evaluate the monetary valuation of air pollution reduction and greenhouse gas reduction with EVs as a substitution for traditional fossil fuel vehicles. This study, based on the case study of city buses in Taipei City, showed that the substitution had the potential to reduce the costs of health risk and global warming up to 2,122,893,672 NTD and the benefit-cost ratios to the government are between 16.08% to 21.37% in all scenarios. Even though higher electric bus adoption rate leads higher benefit-cost ratio to the government, the capital expenditure raises concern. In the other hands, the incentives are still necessary for bus operators because the environment co-benefits are not direct revenue to them. In conclusion, electric buses can reduce air pollutants and greenhouse gases, but policy makers needs to perform an early and thorough analysis before the large-scale adoption. |
URI: | http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/67328 |
DOI: | 10.6342/NTU202003570 |
全文授權: | 有償授權 |
顯示於系所單位: | 環境工程學研究所 |
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