鴉片戰爭前後中葡在澳門的關係

Abstract

中葡關係發展鮮有作為中國近代史的重要脈絡而被注視，但中葡關係與中國近代史的論述模式卻是如出一轍—兩者均在現代化史觀以及革命史觀的主導下，描繪中國在西方壓力下「被進步」的過程。在中國近代史範式屢遭批判的語境下，本文嘗試尋找中葡關係中的傳統因素，並反思這些傳統因素在「近代」的時空中如何抵抗西方的壓力。本文除了使用既有的中文文獻外，還著重引用傳教士以及澳葡當局流傳下來的葡文文獻，強調中葡關係中的葡萄牙因素，有助我們對中葡關係的發展有更全面的瞭解，以及提供反思中國近代史論述的另一個出發點。本文除了緒論以及結論，正文共有兩章。首先，本文會梳理清初至清中葉中葡關係的三條發展主線，指出粵澳地方交往構成了中葡傳統關係的主調；其後，本文則以鴉片戰爭作為考察主軸，指出無論是在中英衝突以及香港開埠的挑戰中，澳葡當局乃至里斯本當局均無意立即改變傳統的中葡關係模式。 本文的研究，除了對中國近代史僅以傳統朝貢以及現代條約的二元論述角度提出質疑外，更強調即使在「近代」諸多西方的施壓下，中外關係的發展仍存在著頑強的傳統因素。這些因素不僅存在於「中」，也存在於「外」，澳葡當局的表現正是其中的表表者。本文秉持著上述的論點，回顧並重新審視既有的「中國近代史式」內涵，冀望中葡關係乃至中國近代史能有更全面、更能平衡中外雙方乃至多方的研究論述。

Sino-Portuguese Relations are seldom concerned as the essential part of Modern Chinese History. However, the discourse mode of Sino-Portuguese Relations studies is extremely similar to Modern Chinese History—both of two describe China “was progressed” under the West pressure in view of the dominance of Modernization Concept and Revolution Concept. Nowadays, since the paradigm of Modern Chinese History is criticized frequently, this thesis is trying to find out the traditional factors in Sino-Portuguese Relations, and rethink how these traditional factors resisted the West pressure at the time of “Modern China”. In addition to the usage of the existing Chinese literature, this thesis focuses on the Portuguese literature from missionaries and Macau Portuguese Authority for the emphasis of Portuguese factors in Sino-Portuguese Relations. First of all, this thesis traces three main lines of Sino-Portuguese Relations from early to middle Qing Dynasty, for pointing out that the Canton-Macau relationship constructed the main part of traditional Sino-Portuguese Relations. Afterwards, this thesis concerns the period of First Opium War and points out that both of Macau Portuguese Authority and Lisbon Authority did not intend to change the mode of traditional Sino-Portuguese Relations immediately no matter facing the Sino-British conflict or the challenge of Hong-Kong. Besides the doubt of binary discourse between traditional tribute and modern treaty in Modern Chinese History, this thesis emphasizes that the development of Sino-foreign relations contains many tenacious traditional factors even in front of the “Modern” West pressure. These traditional factors not only exist in China but also in foreign. The responses of Macau Portuguese Authority are the typical evidence. Therefore, this thesis hopes to rethink content of Modern Chinese History, and construct a more comprehensive Sino-Portuguese Relations.